Spinal cord stimulation vs placebo
Disability (Roland‐Morris Disability Questionnaire) Scale from: 0 to 23; 0 is no disability. · adults with low back pain
1 finding from 1 review
- no estimate extracted1 study · 50 participantsModerate
Findings
What do systematic reviews say?
4,410 questions · 8,901 findings · 1,091 reviews
No studies found 1,687 · 19%GRADE not reported 1,469 · 16.5%Very low 1,969 · 22.1%Low 2,060 · 23.1%Moderate 1,302 · 14.6%High 414 · 4.7%
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Spinal cord stimulation vs placebo
QoL · adults with low back pain
1 finding from 1 review
- no estimate extracted1 study · 50 participantsModerate
Spinal cord stimulation vs placebo
Global assessment of efficacy ≥ 50% improvement in pain Medium‐term · adults with low back pain
1 finding from 1 review
- no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsGRADE not reported
Spinal cord stimulation vs placebo
Withdrawals due to adverse events · adults with low back pain
1 finding from 1 review
- no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsVery low
Spinal cord stimulation vs placebo
Adverse eventsc · adults with low back pain
1 finding from 1 review
- no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsVery low
Spinal cord stimulation vs placebo
Serious adverse eventsd · adults with low back pain
1 finding from 1 review
- no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsVery low
Prebiotic vs control
Necrotising enterocolitis · very preterm or very low birth weight infants
1 finding from 1 review
- Prebiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes onlyno estimate extracted7 studies · 686 participantsLow
Prebiotic vs control
Mortality before hospital discharge · very preterm or very low birth weight infants
1 finding from 1 review
- Prebiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes onlyno estimate extracted7 studies · 686 participantsLow
Prebiotic vs control
Late‐onset invasive infection (before hospital discharge) · very preterm or very low birth weight infants
1 finding from 1 review
- Prebiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes onlyno estimate extracted7 studies · 686 participantsLow
Prebiotic vs control
Bayley Scales of Infant Development Mental Development Index < 85 (assessed beyond infancy) · very preterm or very low birth weight infants
1 finding from 1 review
- Prebiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes onlyno estimate extracted1 study · 76 participantsVery low
Prebiotic vs control
Bayley Scales of Infant Development Psychomotor Development Index < 85 (assessed beyond infancy) · very preterm or very low birth weight infants
1 finding from 1 review
- Prebiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes onlyno estimate extracted1 study · 68 participantsVery low
Prebiotic vs control
Cerebral palsy · very preterm or very low birth weight infants
1 finding from 1 review
- Prebiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes onlyno estimate extracted1 study · 76 participantsVery low
Indirect restorations (crowns, fixed partial dentures, inlays/onlays/veneers) vs Follow-up duration
Periapical pathosis incidence · Vital teeth
The pooled incidence with > 5–10 years of follow-up was 3.88%.
1 finding from 1 review
- Incidence and influential factors in pulp necrosis and periapical pathosis following indirect restorations: a… 2023 All outcomes> 5–10 years · > 5–10 yearsProportion 3.88 [1.95, 6.45]1864 participantsGRADE not reported
Fluoride toothpaste vs Not applicable (single-group prevalence)
Fluoride toothpaste use prevalence (among children with caries) · Children with dental caries (deciduous and/or permanent dentition) in low- and middle-income countries
About 39% of children with caries in LMICs used fluoride toothpaste (pooled prevalence 0.391, 95% CI 0.166 to 0.644; 2 studies; not GRADE-rated).
1 finding from 1 review
- Individual, Family, and Socioeconomic Contributors to Dental Caries in Children from Low- and Middle-Income Countries. 2022 All outcomesLow- and middle-income countries (Brazil, Nigeria, Cambodia, Tanzania, Mexico, Ethiopia)Prevalence 0.391 [0.1658, 0.644]2 studiesGRADE not reported
Primary school-based interventions (one or more of: school health policy, oral health education, healthy school environment, access to oral health services, community involvement) vs usual practice
Plaque index (PI) / oral hygiene · Primary school children (aged 3-16 years) attending primary school in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)
School-based interventions may reduce dental plaque scores (SMD -0.32, favouring intervention), but the certainty of evidence is very low.
1 finding from 1 review
- Effectiveness of primary school-based interventions in improving oral health of children in low- and middle-income… 2022 All outcomesPost-intervention; follow-up varied across studies (interventions ranged from <2 years to >=2 years and longer) · Primary schools in low- and middle-income countries (Southeast Asia, Africa, the Americas, Europe, eastern Mediterranean)SMD -0.32 [-0.46, -0.18]7 studies · 3339 participantsVery low
Maternal education attainment vs Children without dental caries
Dental caries (association with no formal maternal education) · Children (deciduous and/or permanent dentition) in low- and middle-income countries
No formal maternal education showed a non-significant trend toward higher odds of dental caries (OR 1.34, 95% CI 0.76 to 2.36; 3 studies; not GRADE-rated).
1 finding from 1 review
- Individual, Family, and Socioeconomic Contributors to Dental Caries in Children from Low- and Middle-Income Countries. 2022 All outcomesLow- and middle-income countries (Brazil, Nigeria, Cambodia, Tanzania, Mexico, Ethiopia) · No formal educationOR 1.34 [0.76, 2.36]3 studies · 3666 participantsGRADE not reported
Primary school-based interventions (one or more of: school health policy, oral health education, healthy school environment, access to oral health services, community involvement) vs usual practice
Oral hygiene measured by mean gingival scores · Primary school children (aged 3-16 years) attending primary school in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)
The effect of school-based interventions on gingival scores is uncertain and not statistically significant (SMD 0.12; very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
- Effectiveness of primary school-based interventions in improving oral health of children in low- and middle-income… 2022 All outcomesPost-intervention; follow-up varied across studies (interventions ranged from <2 years to >=2 years and longer) · Primary schools in low- and middle-income countries (Southeast Asia, Africa, the Americas, Europe, eastern Mediterranean)SMD 0.12 [-0.32, 0.55]3 studies · 1573 participantsVery low
Primary school-based interventions (one or more of: school health policy, oral health education, healthy school environment, access to oral health services, community involvement) vs usual practice
Dental caries · Primary school children (aged 3-16 years) attending primary school in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)
Among children aged 6-8 years, DMFT scores were significantly reduced (SMD -0.11); subgroup not separately GRADE-rated.
8 findings from 1 review
- Effectiveness of primary school-based interventions in improving oral health of children in low- and middle-income… 2022 All outcomesPost-intervention; follow-up varied across studies (interventions ranged from <2 years to >=2 years and longer) · Primary schools in low- and middle-income countries (Southeast Asia, Africa, the Americas, Europe, eastern Mediterranean) · Age 6-8 yearsSMD -0.11 [-0.17, -0.04]Studies not reportedGRADE not reported
- Effectiveness of primary school-based interventions in improving oral health of children in low- and middle-income… 2022 All outcomesPost-intervention; follow-up varied across studies (interventions ranged from <2 years to >=2 years and longer) · Primary schools in low- and middle-income countries (Southeast Asia, Africa, the Americas, Europe, eastern Mediterranean) · <=3 intervention activitiesSMD -0.58 [-1.62, 0.45]Studies not reportedGRADE not reported
- Effectiveness of primary school-based interventions in improving oral health of children in low- and middle-income… 2022 All outcomes<2 years · Primary schools in low- and middle-income countries (Southeast Asia, Africa, the Americas, Europe, eastern Mediterranean) · Intervention duration <2 yearsSMD 0.01 [-0.16, 0.18]3 studiesGRADE not reported
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- Effectiveness of primary school-based interventions in improving oral health of children in low- and middle-income… 2022 All outcomesPost-intervention; follow-up varied across studies (interventions ranged from <2 years to >=2 years and longer) · Primary schools in low- and middle-income countries (Southeast Asia, Africa, the Americas, Europe, eastern Mediterranean) · Age 8-15 yearsSMD -0.41 [-0.50, -0.32]Studies not reportedGRADE not reported
- Effectiveness of primary school-based interventions in improving oral health of children in low- and middle-income… 2022 All outcomes>=2 years · Primary schools in low- and middle-income countries (Southeast Asia, Africa, the Americas, Europe, eastern Mediterranean) · Intervention duration >=2 yearsSMD -0.49 [-0.79, -0.19]4 studiesGRADE not reported
- Effectiveness of primary school-based interventions in improving oral health of children in low- and middle-income… 2022 All outcomesPost-intervention; follow-up varied across studies (interventions ranged from <2 years to >=2 years and longer) · Primary schools in low- and middle-income countries (Southeast Asia, Africa, the Americas, Europe, eastern Mediterranean)SMD -0.33 [-0.56, -0.10]7 studies · 6766 participantsVery low
- Effectiveness of primary school-based interventions in improving oral health of children in low- and middle-income… 2022 All outcomesPost-intervention; follow-up varied across studies (interventions ranged from <2 years to >=2 years and longer) · Primary schools in low- and middle-income countries (Southeast Asia, Africa, the Americas, Europe, eastern Mediterranean)SMD -0.26 [-0.70, 0.18]5 studies · 3506 participantsVery low
- Effectiveness of primary school-based interventions in improving oral health of children in low- and middle-income… 2022 All outcomesPost-intervention; follow-up varied across studies (interventions ranged from <2 years to >=2 years and longer) · Primary schools in low- and middle-income countries (Southeast Asia, Africa, the Americas, Europe, eastern Mediterranean) · >3 intervention activitiesSMD 0.02 [-0.13, 0.17]Studies not reportedGRADE not reported
Primary school-based interventions (one or more of: school health policy, oral health education, healthy school environment, access to oral health services, community involvement) vs usual practice
Annual increment in DMFS (D3) · Primary school children (aged 3-16 years) attending primary school in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)
Oral-health-education interventions significantly reduced net increment in DMFS (SMD -1.05); no significant subgroup difference vs other interventions (P=0.74).
5 findings from 1 review
- Effectiveness of primary school-based interventions in improving oral health of children in low- and middle-income… 2022 All outcomesPost-intervention; follow-up varied across studies (interventions ranged from <2 years to >=2 years and longer) · Primary schools in low- and middle-income countries (Southeast Asia, Africa, the Americas, Europe, eastern Mediterranean) · Intervention type: oral health educationSMD -1.05 [-2.03, -0.08]3 studiesGRADE not reported
- Effectiveness of primary school-based interventions in improving oral health of children in low- and middle-income… 2022 All outcomesPost-intervention; follow-up varied across studies (interventions ranged from <2 years to >=2 years and longer) · Primary schools in low- and middle-income countries (Southeast Asia, Africa, the Americas, Europe, eastern Mediterranean) · WHO health-promoting-schools frameworkSMD -0.57 [-1.56, 0.42]2 studiesGRADE not reported
- Effectiveness of primary school-based interventions in improving oral health of children in low- and middle-income… 2022 All outcomesPost-intervention; follow-up varied across studies (interventions ranged from <2 years to >=2 years and longer) · Primary schools in low- and middle-income countries (Southeast Asia, Africa, the Americas, Europe, eastern Mediterranean) · Non-WHO-framework interventionsSMD -1.88 [-3.15, -0.60]Studies not reportedGRADE not reported
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- Effectiveness of primary school-based interventions in improving oral health of children in low- and middle-income… 2022 All outcomesPost-intervention; follow-up varied across studies (interventions ranged from <2 years to >=2 years and longer) · Primary schools in low- and middle-income countries (Southeast Asia, Africa, the Americas, Europe, eastern Mediterranean) · Intervention type: other (daily tooth brushing)SMD -1.23 [-1.46, -1.00]1 studyGRADE not reported
- Effectiveness of primary school-based interventions in improving oral health of children in low- and middle-income… 2022 All outcomesPost-intervention; follow-up varied across studies (interventions ranged from <2 years to >=2 years and longer) · Primary schools in low- and middle-income countries (Southeast Asia, Africa, the Americas, Europe, eastern Mediterranean)SMD -1.09 [-1.91, -0.27]4 studies · 3755 participantsVery low
Primary school-based interventions (one or more of: school health policy, oral health education, healthy school environment, access to oral health services, community involvement) vs usual practice
Dental caries prevalence measured by dmft or DMFT/S score greater than one · Primary school children (aged 3-16 years) attending primary school in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)
School-based interventions may reduce the prevalence of dental caries (RR 0.70, favouring intervention), but the certainty of evidence is very low.
3 findings from 1 review
- Effectiveness of primary school-based interventions in improving oral health of children in low- and middle-income… 2022 All outcomesPost-intervention; follow-up varied across studies (interventions ranged from <2 years to >=2 years and longer) · Primary schools in low- and middle-income countries (Southeast Asia, Africa, the Americas, Europe, eastern Mediterranean)RR 0.70 [0.53, 0.94]4 studies · 2968 participantsVery low
- Effectiveness of primary school-based interventions in improving oral health of children in low- and middle-income… 2022 All outcomes<2 years · Primary schools in low- and middle-income countries (Southeast Asia, Africa, the Americas, Europe, eastern Mediterranean) · Intervention duration <2 yearsRR 0.95 [0.75, 1.21]2 studiesGRADE not reported
- Effectiveness of primary school-based interventions in improving oral health of children in low- and middle-income… 2022 All outcomes>=2 years · Primary schools in low- and middle-income countries (Southeast Asia, Africa, the Americas, Europe, eastern Mediterranean) · Intervention duration >=2 yearsRR 0.58 [0.40, 0.84]2 studiesGRADE not reported