Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

1,822 questions · 1,891 findings · 321 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 279 · 14.8%GRADE not reported 46 · 2.4%Very low 524 · 27.7%Low 571 · 30.2%Moderate 330 · 17.5%High 141 · 7.5%

BoNT‐A vs usual care or physiotherapy

Gait assessment ‐ not measured · children with CP

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

2 findings from 1 review

Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

BoNT‐A vs usual care or physiotherapy

Satisfaction · children with CP

1 finding from 1 review

Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 24 participants
Very low

BoNT‐A vs sham

Instrumented gait analysis (peak ankle dorsiflexion in stance) · children with CP

1 finding from 1 review

Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 19 participants
Moderate

BoNT‐A vs sham

Observational gait analysis (improvement) · children with CP

BoNT‐A probably leads to higher observational gait analysis (improvement) compared with placebo or sham (moderate certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.66 [1.16, 2.37]
4 studies · 261 participants
Moderate
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.9 [1.32, 2.74]
3 studies · 248 participants
Moderate

BoNT‐A vs sham

Function · children with CP

3 findings from 1 review

Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 305 participants
Moderate
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 327 participants
Moderate
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 91 participants
Moderate

BoNT‐A vs sham

Range of motion (passive ankle dorsiflexion) · children with CP

3 findings from 1 review

Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 291 participants
Moderate
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 150 participants
Moderate
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 40 participants
Moderate

BoNT‐A vs sham

Satisfaction · children with CP

3 findings from 1 review

Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 41 participants
Moderate
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 74 participants
Moderate
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 33 participants
Moderate

BoNT‐A vs sham

Spasticity (ankle plantarflexors) · children with CP

3 findings from 1 review

Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 156 participants
Moderate
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 144 participants
Moderate
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 42 participants
Moderate

BoNT‐A vs sham

Adverse events · children with CP

BoNT‐A showed no clear difference in adverse events compared with placebo or sham (moderate certainty).

3 findings from 1 review

Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.29 [0.87, 1.93]
12 studies · 918 participants
Moderate
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

BoNT‐A vs sham

Instrumented gait analysis (kinematics) (not measured) · children with CP

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

2 findings from 1 review

Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

BoNT‐A vs sham

Gait assessment ‐ not measured · children with CP

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

BoNT‐A vs serial casting

Instrumented gait analysis (peak ankle dorsiflexion in stance) · children with CP

3 findings from 1 review

Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 21 participants
Low
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 61 participants
Low
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 26 participants
Moderate

BoNT‐A vs serial casting

Observational gait analysis · children with CP

3 findings from 1 review

Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 18 participants
Moderate
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 18 participants
Moderate
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 18 participants
Moderate

BoNT‐A vs serial casting

Function · children with CP

3 findings from 1 review

Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 18 participants
Moderate
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 41 participants
Moderate
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 18 participants
Moderate

BoNT‐A vs serial casting

Change in ankle dorsiflexion range of motion Lidcome Template in degrees. Scale from: 0.36 to 31.28. · children with CP

1 finding from 1 review

Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 18 participants
Low

BoNT‐A vs serial casting

Satisfaction (not measured) · children with CP

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

3 findings from 1 review

Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

BoNT‐A vs serial casting

Spasticity (ankle plantarflexors) · children with CP

3 findings from 1 review

Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 18 participants
Low
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 67 participants
Low
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 44 participants
Low

BoNT‐A vs serial casting

Adverse events · children with CP

BoNT‐A showed no clear difference in adverse events compared with serial casting (low certainty).

3 findings from 1 review

Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.59 [0.03, 11.03]
3 studies · 64 participants
Low
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

BoNT‐A vs serial casting

Range of motion (passive ankle dorsiflexion) · children with CP

2 findings from 1 review

Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 67 participants
Low
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 44 participants
Low

BoNT‐A vs orthoses

Instrumented gait analysis (not reported) · children with CP

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found