Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

2,640 questions · 2,709 findings · 446 reviews

No studies found 593 · 21.9%GRADE not reported 241 · 8.9%Very low 538 · 19.9%Low 706 · 26.1%Moderate 516 · 19%High 115 · 4.2%

Single‐use (sterile) catheter vs multiple‐use (clean) catheter

Number of participants with symptomatic UTI · long‐term bladder management

Single‐use (sterile) catheter showed no clear difference in number with symptomatic UTI1 compared with multiple‐use (clean) catheter (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Psychological interventions vs treatment

Incidence of depression ‐ post‐intervention: 0 months · adults with long‐term physical conditions (18 years or older)

It is very uncertain whether psychological interventions changes incidence of depression ‐ post‐intervention: 0 months compared with treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions vs placebo

Incidence of depression ‐ short‐term: < 6 months · adults with long‐term physical conditions (18 years or older)

It is very uncertain whether pharmacological interventions changes incidence of depression ‐ short‐term: < 6 months compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions vs placebo

Incidence of depression ‐ medium term: 6‐12 months · adults with long‐term physical conditions (18 years or older)

It is very uncertain whether pharmacological interventions changes incidence of depression ‐ medium‐term: 6‐12 months compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions vs placebo

acceptability ‐ drop‐outs due to adverse events: post‐intervention · adults with long‐term physical conditions (18 years or older)

It is very uncertain whether pharmacological interventions changes acceptability ‐ drop‐outs due to adverse events: post‐intervention compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological interventions vs placebo

Acceptability · adults with long‐term physical conditions (18 years or older)

It is very uncertain whether pharmacological interventions changes acceptability ‐ drop‐outs due to any cause: post‐intervention compared with placebo (very low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Psychological interventions vs treatment

Incidence of depression ‐ short term: < 6 months · adults with long‐term physical conditions (18 years or older)

It is very uncertain whether psychological interventions changes incidence of depression ‐ short term: < 6 months compared with treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review