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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
970 questions in 77 reviews · Epilepsy
current versionsNo studies 190 · 19.6%Ungraded 42 · 4.3%Very low 135 · 13.9%Low 289 · 29.8%Moderate 242 · 24.9%High 72 · 7.4%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Any dose of lacosamide vs placebo 50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency · adults and children with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Lacosamide add‐on therapy for focal epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.79 [1.55, 2.08] | 5 studies · 2199 participants | High |
Any dose of lacosamide vs placebo Seizure freedom · adults and children with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Lacosamide add‐on therapy for focal epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 2.27 [1.35, 3.83] | 5 studies · 2199 participants | Low |
Any dose of lacosamide vs placebo Treatment withdrawal · adults and children with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Lacosamide add‐on therapy for focal epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.57 [1.24, 1.98] | 5 studies · 2199 participants | Moderate |
Any dose of lacosamide vs placebo Dizziness · adults and children with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Lacosamide add‐on therapy for focal epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 2.96 | 5 studies · 2199 participants | High |
Any dose of lacosamide vs placebo Headache · adults and children with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Lacosamide add‐on therapy for focal epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.34 | 5 studies · 2199 participants | Moderate |
Any dose of lacosamide vs placebo Vomiting · adults and children with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Lacosamide add‐on therapy for focal epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 2.94 | 5 studies · 2199 participants | Moderate |
Any dose of lacosamide vs placebo Serious adverse events · adults and children with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Lacosamide add‐on therapy for focal epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.53 | 5 studies · 2199 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR ≥ 50% reduction in seizure frequency (adults) · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Eslicarbazepine acetate add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.71 [1.42, 2.05] | 5 studies · 1799 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR ≥ 50% reduction in seizure frequency (children aged 6–18 years) · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Eslicarbazepine acetate add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.35 [0.98, 1.87] | 2 studies · 322 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Freedom from seizures · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Eslicarbazepine acetate add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 3.16 [1.73, 5.78] | 6 studies · 1922 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Treatment withdrawal (any reason) · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Eslicarbazepine acetate add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.25 [0.93, 1.7] | 7 studies · 2185 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Treatment withdrawal (adverse effect) · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Eslicarbazepine acetate add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 2.72 [1.66, 4.46] | 7 studies · 2185 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Adverse effects · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy Eslicarbazepine acetate add‐on therapy for drug‐resistant focal epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Moderate |
Short‐duration antiepileptic drug treatment vs long‐duration antiepileptic drug treatment Seizure control(seizure recurrence) · people with neurocysticercosis Antiepileptic drugs for seizure control in people with neurocysticercosis (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1.34 [0.73, 2.47] | 3 studies · 360 participants | Low |
Six‐ to 12‐month antiepileptic drug treatment vs 24‐month antiepileptic drug treatment Seizure control (seizure recurrence) · people with neurocysticercosis Antiepileptic drugs for seizure control in people with neurocysticercosis (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1.36 [0.72, 2.57] | 3 studies · 385 participants | Very low |
Topiramate vs placebo Proportion of responders (at least 50% seizure frequency reduction in PGTCS) · people with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy Topiramate for juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 4 [1.08, 14.75] | 1 study · 22 participants | Very low |
Topiramate vs placebo Proportion of participants who experienced at least one AE and individual AEs · people with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy Topiramate for juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 22 participants | Very low |
Topiramate vs placebo Number of participants who were seizure‐free · people with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy Topiramate for juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Topiramate vs valproate Proportion of responders (at least 50% seizure frequency reduction in myoclonic seizures) · people with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy Topiramate for juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.67, 1.15] | 1 study · 23 participants | Very low |
Topiramate vs valproate Proportion of responders (at least 50% seizure frequency reduction in PGTCS) · people with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy Topiramate for juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.22 [0.68, 2.21] | 1 study · 16 participants | Very low |
Topiramate vs valproate Proportion of participants who experienced at least one AE and individual AEs · people with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy Topiramate for juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 61 participants | Very low |
Topiramate vs valproate Number of participants who were seizure‐free · people with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy Topiramate for juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [0.61, 2.11] | 1 study · 27 participants | Very low |
Sulthiame vs placebo Treatment withdrawal · participants with epilepsy Sulthiame monotherapy for epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 100 participants | Ungraded |
Sulthiame vs levetiracetam Adverse effects (cardiac) · participants with epilepsy (BECTS) Sulthiame monotherapy for epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 2.87 [0.12, 66.75] | 1 study · 43 participants | Low |
Sulthiame vs levetiracetam Adverse effects (gastrointestinal) · participants with epilepsy (BECTS) Sulthiame monotherapy for epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.76 [0.37, 1.56] | 1 study · 43 participants | Low |
Sulthiame vs levetiracetam Adverse effects (bones and muscles) · participants with epilepsy (BECTS) Sulthiame monotherapy for epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.27, 3.33] | 1 study · 43 participants | Low |
Sulthiame vs levetiracetam Adverse effects (others) · participants with epilepsy (BECTS) Sulthiame monotherapy for epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.19 [0.37, 3.85] | 1 study · 43 participants | Low |
Sulthiame vs phenytoin Treatment withdrawal · participants with epilepsy (GTCS) Sulthiame monotherapy for epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 146 participants | Ungraded |
Sulthiame vs phenytoin Seizure freedom · participants with epilepsy (GTCS) Sulthiame monotherapy for epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 146 participants | Ungraded |
Sulthiame vs phenytoin All adverse effects · participants with epilepsy (GTCS) Sulthiame monotherapy for epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.54, 2.07] | 1 study · 146 participants | Low |
Sulthiame vs phenytoin Paraesthesia · participants with epilepsy (GTCS) Sulthiame monotherapy for epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 8.32 [0.51, 135.82] | 1 study · 146 participants | Low |
Sulthiame vs phenytoin Dizziness · participants with epilepsy (GTCS) Sulthiame monotherapy for epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 3.16 [0.18, 55.62] | 1 study · 146 participants | Low |
Sulthiame vs phenytoin Headache · participants with epilepsy (GTCS) Sulthiame monotherapy for epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.43 [0.07, 29.15] | 1 study · 146 participants | Low |
Sulthiame vs placebo Seizure freedom · participants with epilepsy Sulthiame monotherapy for epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 100 participants | Ungraded |
Sulthiame vs phenytoin Anorexia · participants with epilepsy (GTCS) Sulthiame monotherapy for epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.42 [0.07, 2.41] | 1 study · 146 participants | Low |
Sulthiame vs phenytoin Rash · participants with epilepsy (GTCS) Sulthiame monotherapy for epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.28 [0.02, 4.36] | 1 study · 146 participants | Low |
Sulthiame vs phenytoin Gingival hyperplasia · participants with epilepsy (GTCS) Sulthiame monotherapy for epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.03 [0, 0.58] | 1 study · 146 participants | Low |
Sulthiame vs phenytoin Other · participants with epilepsy (GTCS) Sulthiame monotherapy for epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.4 [0.17, 11.59] | 1 study · 146 participants | Low |
Sulthiame vs placebo All adverse effects · participants with epilepsy Sulthiame monotherapy for epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 100 participants | Ungraded |
Sulthiame vs levetiracetam Treatment withdrawal · participants with epilepsy (BECTS) Sulthiame monotherapy for epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.32 [0.1, 1.03] | 1 study · 43 participants | Low |
Sulthiame vs levetiracetam Seizure freedom · participants with epilepsy (BECTS) Sulthiame monotherapy for epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.88, 1.44] | 1 study · 43 participants | Low |
Sulthiame vs levetiracetam Adverse effects (general symptoms) · participants with epilepsy (BECTS) Sulthiame monotherapy for epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.76, 1.54] | 1 study · 43 participants | Low |
Sulthiame vs levetiracetam Adverse effects (central nervous system) · participants with epilepsy (BECTS) Sulthiame monotherapy for epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.17 [0.77, 1.79] | 1 study · 43 participants | Low |
Sulthiame vs levetiracetam Adverse effects (behaviour) · participants with epilepsy (BECTS) Sulthiame monotherapy for epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.59, 1.55] | 1 study · 43 participants | Low |
Sulthiame vs levetiracetam Adverse effects (airways) · participants with epilepsy (BECTS) Sulthiame monotherapy for epilepsy (2021) · Cochrane | RR 2.67 [1.17, 6.12] | 1 study · 43 participants | Low |
Paroxetine vs doxepin > 50% reduction in depressive symptoms · people with epilepsy and depression Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.16 [0.88, 1.52] | 1 study · 67 participants | Moderate |
Amitriptyline vs nomifensine Seizure frequency · people with epilepsy and depression Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Amitriptyline vs nomifensine Withdrawals · people with epilepsy and depression Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Amitriptyline vs nomifensine Cognitive functioning · people with epilepsy and depression Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Amitriptyline vs nomifensine Quality of life · people with epilepsy and depression Antidepressants for people with epilepsy and depression (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |