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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
767 questions in 53 reviews · Back and Neck
current versionsNo studies 149 · 19.4%Ungraded 41 · 5.3%Very low 168 · 21.9%Low 226 · 29.5%Moderate 156 · 20.3%High 27 · 3.5%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FOR FUSION vs INTERSPINOUS SPACERS Operation time Duration of operation reported in minutes · patients with lumbar spinal stenosis Surgical options for lumbar spinal stenosis (2016) · Cochrane | Mean difference 78.91 [30.16, 127.65] | 2 studies · 381 participants | Very low |
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FOR FUSION vs INTERSPINOUS SPACERS Blood loss Amount of perioperative blood loss reported in mL · patients with lumbar spinal stenosis Surgical options for lumbar spinal stenosis (2016) · Cochrane | Mean difference 238.9 [182.66, 295.14] | 1 study · 320 participants | Moderate |
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FOR FUSION vs INTERSPINOUS SPACERS Reoperations Number of patients requiring a revision surgery · patients with lumbar spinal stenosis Surgical options for lumbar spinal stenosis (2016) · Cochrane | Risk ratio 0.7 [0.32, 1.51] | 1 study · 322 participants | High |
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FOR DECOMPRESSION vs FUSION Disability Long‐term (≥ 12 months) Disability scores converted to 0 to 100 scale to allow for comparison of different disability scales (RMDQ, ODI, JOA) · patients with lumbar spinal stenosis Surgical options for lumbar spinal stenosis (2016) · Cochrane | Mean difference 3.26 | 3 studies · 335 participants | Very low |
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FOR DECOMPRESSION vs FUSION Operation time Duration of operation reported in minutes · patients with lumbar spinal stenosis Surgical options for lumbar spinal stenosis (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 381 participants | Very low |
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FOR DECOMPRESSION vs FUSION Blood loss Amount of perioperative blood loss reported in L · patients with lumbar spinal stenosis Surgical options for lumbar spinal stenosis (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 383 participants | Very low |
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FOR DECOMPRESSION vs FUSION Reoperations Number of patients requiring a revision surgery · patients with lumbar spinal stenosis Surgical options for lumbar spinal stenosis (2016) · Cochrane | Risk ratio 1.25 [0.81, 1.92] | 5 studies · 443 participants | Moderate |
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FOR DECOMPRESSION vs INTERSPINOUS SPACERS Pain Long‐term (≥ 12 months) Pain scores converted to 0 to 100 scale to allow for comparison of different disability scales (VAS, NRS) · patients with lumbar spinal stenosis Surgical options for lumbar spinal stenosis (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 328 participants | Moderate |
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FOR DECOMPRESSION vs INTERSPINOUS SPACERS Disability Long‐term (≥ 12 months) Disability scores converted to 0 to 100 scale to allow for comparison of different disability scales (RMDQ, ODI, JOA) · patients with lumbar spinal stenosis Surgical options for lumbar spinal stenosis (2016) · Cochrane | Mean difference 1.25 | 3 studies · 327 participants | Low |
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FOR DECOMPRESSION vs INTERSPINOUS SPACERS Operation time Duration of operation reported in minutes · patients with lumbar spinal stenosis Surgical options for lumbar spinal stenosis (2016) · Cochrane | Mean difference 39.11 [19.43, 58.78] | 3 studies · 340 participants | Low |
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS FOR DECOMPRESSION vs INTERSPINOUS SPACERS Blood loss Amount of perioperative blood loss reported in mL · patients with lumbar spinal stenosis Surgical options for lumbar spinal stenosis (2016) · Cochrane | Mean difference 144 | 1 study · 81 participants | Low |
Massage vs inactive controls Pain intensity (higher scores mean more pain) ‐ Short‐term · patients with LBP Massage for low‐back pain (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 761 participants | Low |
Massage vs active controls Adverse events Self‐reported · patients with LBP Massage for low‐back pain (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 585 participants | Very low |
Massage vs inactive controls Pain intensity (higher scores mean more pain) ‐ Long‐term · patients with LBP Massage for low‐back pain (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 615 participants | Very low |
Massage vs inactive controls Function (higher scores mean more disability) ‐ Short‐term · patients with LBP Massage for low‐back pain (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 725 participants | Low |
Massage vs inactive controls Function (higher scores mean more disability) ‐ Long‐term · patients with LBP Massage for low‐back pain (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 615 participants | Very low |
Massage vs inactive controls Adverse events Self‐reported · patients with LBP Massage for low‐back pain (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 624 participants | Very low |
Massage vs active controls Pain intensity (higher scores mean more pain) ‐ Short‐term · patients with LBP Massage for low‐back pain (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 12 studies · 964 participants | Very low |
Massage vs active controls Pain intensity (higher scores mean more pain) ‐ Long‐term · patients with LBP Massage for low‐back pain (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 757 participants | Very low |
Massage vs active controls Function (higher scores mean more disability) ‐ Short‐term · patients with LBP Massage for low‐back pain (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 618 participants | Very low |
Massage vs active controls Function (higher scores mean more disability) ‐ Long‐term · patients with LBP Massage for low‐back pain (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 616 participants | Very low |
Manipulation (cervical) vs oral medicine PAIN · patients with acute and subacute neck pain Manipulation and mobilisation for neck pain contrasted against an inactive control or another active treatment (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Manipulation (thoracic) vs inactive control FUNCTION · patients with acute, subacute and chronic neck pain Manipulation and mobilisation for neck pain contrasted against an inactive control or another active treatment (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Manipulation (thoracic) vs inactive control Chronic neck pain Short‐term · patients with acute, subacute and chronic neck pain Manipulation and mobilisation for neck pain contrasted against an inactive control or another active treatment (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 111 participants | Low |
Manipulation (thoracic) vs inactive control QUALITY OF LIFE (QoL) · patients with acute, subacute and chronic neck pain Manipulation and mobilisation for neck pain contrasted against an inactive control or another active treatment (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Manipulation vs mobilisation PAIN · patients with acute, subacute and chronic neck pain Manipulation and mobilisation for neck pain contrasted against an inactive control or another active treatment (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Manipulation vs mobilisation Acute, subacute and chronic neck pain Intermediate‐term · patients with acute, subacute and chronic neck pain Manipulation and mobilisation for neck pain contrasted against an inactive control or another active treatment (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 446 participants | Moderate |
Manipulation vs mobilisation FUNCTION AND DISABILITY · patients with acute, subacute and chronic neck pain Manipulation and mobilisation for neck pain contrasted against an inactive control or another active treatment (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Manipulation vs mobilisation Acute and subacute neck pain Short‐term · patients with acute, subacute and chronic neck pain Manipulation and mobilisation for neck pain contrasted against an inactive control or another active treatment (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 176 participants | Moderate |
Manipulation vs mobilisation PARTICIPANT SATISFACTION · patients with acute, subacute and chronic neck pain Manipulation and mobilisation for neck pain contrasted against an inactive control or another active treatment (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Manipulation vs mobilisation Subacute and chronic neck pain Short‐term · patients with acute, subacute and chronic neck pain Manipulation and mobilisation for neck pain contrasted against an inactive control or another active treatment (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 269 participants | Moderate |
Manipulation vs mobilisation GLOBAL PERCEIVED EFFECT · patients with acute, subacute and chronic neck pain Manipulation and mobilisation for neck pain contrasted against an inactive control or another active treatment (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Manipulation (cervical) vs oral medicine Acute and subacute neck pain Intermediate‐term · patients with acute and subacute neck pain Manipulation and mobilisation for neck pain contrasted against an inactive control or another active treatment (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 182 participants | Moderate |
Manipulation vs mobilisation Acute and subacute neck pain Intermediate‐term · patients with acute, subacute and chronic neck pain Manipulation and mobilisation for neck pain contrasted against an inactive control or another active treatment (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 177 participants | Moderate |
Manipulation vs mobilisation QUALITY OF LIFE · patients with acute, subacute and chronic neck pain Manipulation and mobilisation for neck pain contrasted against an inactive control or another active treatment (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Manipulation vs exercise PAIN · patients with acute and subacute neck pain Manipulation and mobilisation for neck pain contrasted against an inactive control or another active treatment (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Manipulation vs exercise Acute and subacute neck pain Intermediate‐term · patients with acute and subacute neck pain Manipulation and mobilisation for neck pain contrasted against an inactive control or another active treatment (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 182 participants | Moderate |
Manipulation vs exercise Acute and subacute neck pain Long‐term · patients with acute and subacute neck pain Manipulation and mobilisation for neck pain contrasted against an inactive control or another active treatment (2015) · Cochrane | SMD 0.06 | 1 study · 182 participants | Moderate |
Manipulation vs exercise FUNCTION · patients with acute and subacute neck pain Manipulation and mobilisation for neck pain contrasted against an inactive control or another active treatment (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Manipulation vs exercise PARTICIPANT SATISFACTION · patients with acute and subacute neck pain Manipulation and mobilisation for neck pain contrasted against an inactive control or another active treatment (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Manipulation vs exercise GLOBAL PERCEIVED EFFECT · patients with acute and subacute neck pain Manipulation and mobilisation for neck pain contrasted against an inactive control or another active treatment (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Manipulation vs exercise Acute and subacute neck pain Immediate post‐treatment · patients with acute and subacute neck pain Manipulation and mobilisation for neck pain contrasted against an inactive control or another active treatment (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 182 participants | Moderate |
Manipulation vs exercise QUALITY OF LIFE · patients with acute and subacute neck pain Manipulation and mobilisation for neck pain contrasted against an inactive control or another active treatment (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Manipulation (cervical) vs oral medicine Acute and subacute neck pain Long‐term · patients with acute and subacute neck pain Manipulation and mobilisation for neck pain contrasted against an inactive control or another active treatment (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 181 participants | Moderate |
Manipulation vs exercise aIndirectness: ‐1. · patients with acute and subacute neck pain Manipulation and mobilisation for neck pain contrasted against an inactive control or another active treatment (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 participants | Ungraded |
High dose of manipulation vs low dose of manipulation PAIN · patients with chronic neck pain with cervicogenic headache (CGH) Manipulation and mobilisation for neck pain contrasted against an inactive control or another active treatment (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
High dose of manipulation vs low dose of manipulation Chronic neck pain and CGH Intermediate‐term · patients with chronic neck pain with cervicogenic headache (CGH) Manipulation and mobilisation for neck pain contrasted against an inactive control or another active treatment (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 50 participants | Moderate |
High dose of manipulation vs low dose of manipulation FUNCTION · patients with chronic neck pain with cervicogenic headache (CGH) Manipulation and mobilisation for neck pain contrasted against an inactive control or another active treatment (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
High dose of manipulation vs low dose of manipulation aImprecision: ‐1. · patients with chronic neck pain with cervicogenic headache (CGH) Manipulation and mobilisation for neck pain contrasted against an inactive control or another active treatment (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 participants | Ungraded |
Manipulation (cervical) vs oral medicine FUNCTION · patients with acute and subacute neck pain Manipulation and mobilisation for neck pain contrasted against an inactive control or another active treatment (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |