Interferon‐α combined with targeted therapies showed no clear difference in 1‐year mortality compared with standard targeted therapy (moderate certainty).
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
Increased water intake may leads to lower stone recurrence (assessed as symptomatic renal colic/stone… compared with standard water intake (low certainty).
Increased water intake may leads to lower time to recurrence (absolute event rate based on 5‐year compared with standard water intake (low certainty).
Early probably leads to lower time to death of any cause (here: all‐cause mortality at 5 years) compared with deferred AST (moderate certainty).
Early showed no clear difference in serious adverse events compared with deferred AST (low certainty).
Early probably leads to lower time to death from prostate cancer (here: prostate cancer mortality… compared with deferred AST (moderate certainty).
Early may leads to lower skeletal events compared with deferred AST (low certainty).
Early may leads to higher fatigue compared with deferred AST (low certainty).
Early may leads to higher heart failure compared with deferred AST (low certainty).
Antimicrobial showed no clear difference in systemic UTI compared with placebo or no antibiotics (low certainty).
Antimicrobial may leads to lower symptomatic UTI compared with placebo or no antibiotics (low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether antimicrobial changes serious adverse events compared with placebo or no antibiotics (very low certainty).
Antimicrobial showed no clear difference in minor adverse events compared with placebo or no antibiotics (low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether antimicrobial changes localized UTI compared with placebo or no antibiotics (very low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether antimicrobial changes bacterial resistance compared with placebo or no antibiotics (very low certainty).
Potassium citrate may leads to lower proportion of participants who developed a new urinary stone compared with no intervention (low certainty).
It is very uncertain whether potassium citrate changes proportion of participants with adverse events while undergoing… compared with no intervention (very low certainty).