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What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

309 questions · 325 findings · 45 reviews · Acute Respiratory Infections

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No studies found 38 · 11.7%GRADE not reported 31 · 9.5%Very low 54 · 16.6%Low 78 · 24%Moderate 106 · 32.6%High 18 · 5.5%

Hand hygiene vs control

Composite of acute respiratory illness, influenza‐like illness, laboratory‐confirmed influenza · general population and healthcare workers

Hand hygiene may leads to lower composite of acute respiratory illness, influenza‐like illness,… compared with control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Medical/surgical masks vs no masks

Viral respiratory illness ‐ laboratory‐confirmed influenza/SARS‐CoV‐2 · general population

Medical/surgical masks showed no clear difference in viral respiratory illness ‐ laboratory‐confirmed influenza/SARS‐CoV‐2 compared with no masks (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

N95 respirators vs medical/surgical masks

Viral respiratory illness ‐ laboratory‐confirmed influenza · general population and healthcare workers

N95 respirators showed no clear difference in viral respiratory illness ‐ laboratory‐confirmed influenza compared with medical/surgical masks (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Live zoster vaccine vs placebo

Cumulative incidence of herpes zoster, 3.1 years · healthy older adults aged ≥ 60 years

Live zoster vaccine probably leads to lower cumulative incidence of herpes zoster, 3.1 years compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Recombinant zoster vaccine vs placebo

Participants with adverse events ‐ serious adverse events Clinical or laboratory criteria · healthy older adults aged ≥ 60 years

Recombinant zoster vaccine showed no clear difference in participants with adverse events ‐ serious adverse eventsClinical or… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Recombinant zoster vaccine vs placebo

Adverse effects of any severity (systemic symptoms) · healthy older adults aged ≥ 60 years

Recombinant zoster vaccine probably leads to higher participants with adverse events ‐ any systemic symptomClinical… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Recombinant zoster vaccine vs placebo

Participants with adverse events ‐ potential immune‐mediated disease Clinical or laboratory criteria · healthy older adults aged ≥ 60 years

Recombinant zoster vaccine showed no clear difference in participants with adverse events ‐ potential immune‐mediated… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Recombinant zoster vaccine vs placebo

Participants with adverse events ‐ any local symptom Clinical criteria · healthy older adults aged ≥ 60 years

Recombinant zoster vaccine probably leads to higher participants with adverse events ‐ any local symptomClinical criteria compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Recombinant zoster vaccine vs placebo

Dropouts ‐ did not receive second dose Clinical or laboratory criteria · healthy older adults aged ≥ 60 years

Recombinant zoster vaccine probably leads to higher dropouts ‐ did not receive second doseClinical or laboratory criteria compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Live zoster vaccine vs placebo

Participants with adverse events Clinical or laboratory criteria · healthy older adults aged ≥ 60 years

Live zoster vaccine probably leads to higher participants with adverse eventsClinical or laboratory criteria compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review