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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Needle aspiration vs incision and drainage Continuation of breastfeeding · Breastfeeding women with breast abscesses Treatments for breast abscesses in breastfeeding women (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 participants | Ungraded |
Needle aspiration vs incision and drainage Treatment failure · Breastfeeding women with breast abscesses Treatments for breast abscesses in breastfeeding women (2015) · Cochrane | RR 16.12 [2.21, 117.73] | 2 studies · 115 participants | Low |
Bishop score vs transvaginal ultrasound Vaginal birth · women with singleton cephalic fetuses undergoing assessment for pre‐induction cervical ripening. Methods for assessing pre‐induction cervical ripening (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.92, 1.2] | 2 studies · 234 participants | Moderate |
Bishop score vs transvaginal ultrasound Caesarean delivery · women with singleton cephalic fetuses undergoing assessment for pre‐induction cervical ripening. Methods for assessing pre‐induction cervical ripening (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.5, 1.35] | 2 studies · 234 participants | Moderate |
Bishop score vs transvaginal ultrasound Neonatal admission to NICU · women with singleton cephalic fetuses undergoing assessment for pre‐induction cervical ripening. Methods for assessing pre‐induction cervical ripening (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.67 [0.41, 6.83] | 2 studies · 234 participants | Moderate |
Bishop score vs transvaginal ultrasound Need of misoprostol for cervical ripening · women with singleton cephalic fetuses undergoing assessment for pre‐induction cervical ripening. Methods for assessing pre‐induction cervical ripening (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.53 [0.42, 0.67] | 2 studies · 234 participants | Moderate |
Bishop score vs transvaginal ultrasound Meconium staining of amniotic fluid · women with singleton cephalic fetuses undergoing assessment for pre‐induction cervical ripening. Methods for assessing pre‐induction cervical ripening (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.37, 1.51] | 2 studies · 234 participants | Moderate |
Bishop score vs transvaginal ultrasound Apgar score at 5 minutes less than 7 · women with singleton cephalic fetuses undergoing assessment for pre‐induction cervical ripening. Methods for assessing pre‐induction cervical ripening (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.62 [0.08, 4.99] | 2 studies · 234 participants | Moderate |
Bishop score vs transvaginal ultrasound Fetal heart rate abnormality in labour · women with singleton cephalic fetuses undergoing assessment for pre‐induction cervical ripening. Methods for assessing pre‐induction cervical ripening (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.21, 4.8] | 1 study · 154 participants | Ungraded |
Intravenous iron vs oral iron Maternal mortality Clinical assessment · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | RR 2.95 [0.12, 71.96] | 2 studies · 374 participants | Low |
Red blood cell transfusion vs non‐transfusion (Comparison 2) Persistent anaemia symptoms Reported by the women · patients with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 519 participants | Very low |
Red blood cell transfusion vs non‐transfusion (Comparison 2) Infections Clinical assessment · patients with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.53, 1.61] | 1 study · 519 participants | Moderate |
Red blood cell transfusion vs non‐transfusion (Comparison 2) Erythrocyte alloantibody formation Laboratory assessment · patients with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | RR 3.03 [0.12, 74.15] | 1 study · 519 participants | Very low |
Red blood cell transfusion vs non‐transfusion (Comparison 2) Thromboembolic events Assessment method not described · patients with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.14, 7.13] | 1 study · 519 participants | Low |
Red blood cell transfusion vs non‐transfusion (Comparison 2) Transfusion reactions Clinical assessment · patients with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | RR 7.08 [0.37, 136.41] | 1 study · 519 participants | Very low |
Oral iron vs placebo (Comparison 3) Maternal mortality ‐ not reported · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oral iron vs placebo (Comparison 3) Fatigue ‐ not reported · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oral iron vs placebo (Comparison 3) Persistent anaemia symptoms Reported by the women · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1 participants | Ungraded |
Oral iron vs placebo (Comparison 3) All gastrointestinal symptoms Reported by the patients · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.36, 2.79] | 1 study · 68 participants | Very low |
Oral iron vs placebo (Comparison 3) Constipation ‐ not reported · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intravenous iron vs oral iron Fatigue at 14, 28, and 42 days Fatigue Linear Analog Scale Assessment. Scale from: 0 to 100. · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 361 participants | Very low |
Intravenous iron with oral iron vs oral iron (Comparison 6) Maternal mortality · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intravenous iron with oral iron vs oral iron (Comparison 6) Fatigue ‐ not reported · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intravenous iron with oral iron vs oral iron (Comparison 6) Persistent anaemia symptoms ‐ 1 week Visual Analogue Scale ≥ 7 · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.75 [0.56, 5.46] | 1 study · 72 participants | Very low |
Intravenous iron with oral iron vs oral iron (Comparison 6) Persistent anaemia symptoms ‐ 2 weeks Visual Analogue Scale ≥ 7 · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.15, 2.33] | 1 study · 72 participants | Very low |
Intravenous iron with oral iron vs oral iron (Comparison 6) Persistent anaemia symptoms ‐ 6 weeks Visual Analogue Scale ≥ 7 · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | RR 3 [0.33, 27.5] | 1 study · 72 participants | Very low |
Intravenous iron with oral iron vs oral iron (Comparison 6) Infections ‐ not reported · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intravenous iron with oral iron vs oral iron (Comparison 6) Anaphylaxis or evidence of hypersensitivity Clinical assessment · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 1 participants | Low |
Erythropoietin (regardless of rout) with intravenous iron vs intravenous iron (Comparison 7) Maternal mortality · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Erythropoietin (regardless of rout) with intravenous iron vs intravenous iron (Comparison 7) Fatigue ‐ not reported · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Erythropoietin (regardless of rout) with intravenous iron vs intravenous iron (Comparison 7) Thromboembolic events ‐ not reported · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intravenous iron vs oral iron Persistent anaemia symptoms ‐ not reported · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Erythropoietin (regardless of rout) with intravenous iron vs intravenous iron (Comparison 7) Persistent anaemia symptoms ‐ not reported · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Subcutaneous EPO 10,000 U of doses with intravenous iron vs intravenous iron (Comparison 8) Maternal mortality ‐ not reported · patients with women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Subcutaneous EPO 10,000 U of doses with intravenous iron vs intravenous iron (Comparison 8) Fatigue ‐ not reported · patients with women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Subcutaneous EPO 10,000 U of doses with intravenous iron vs intravenous iron (Comparison 8) Persistent anaemia symptoms ‐ not reported · patients with women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Subcutaneous EPO 10,000 U of doses with intravenous iron vs intravenous iron (Comparison 8) Thromboembolic events ‐ not reported · patients with women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Subcutaneous EPO with oral iron vs oral iron (Comparison 10) Maternal mortality · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Subcutaneous EPO with oral iron vs oral iron (Comparison 10) Fatigue ‐ not reported · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Subcutaneous EPO with oral iron vs oral iron (Comparison 10) Persistent anaemia symptoms ‐ not reported · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Subcutaneous EPO with oral iron vs oral iron (Comparison 10) Thromboembolic events ‐ not reported · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Subcutaneous EPO with intravenous iron and oral iron vs intravenous iron with oral iron (Comparison 12) Maternal mortality ‐ not reported · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intravenous iron vs oral iron Infections Clinical assessment · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.7 [0.58, 5.03] | 3 studies · 718 participants | Very low |
Subcutaneous EPO with intravenous iron and oral iron vs intravenous iron with oral iron (Comparison 12) Fatigue ‐ not reported · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Subcutaneous EPO with intravenous iron and oral iron vs intravenous iron with oral iron (Comparison 12) Persistent anaemia symptoms ‐ not reported · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Subcutaneous EPO with intravenous iron and oral iron vs intravenous iron with oral iron (Comparison 12) Thromboembolic events ‐ not reported · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intravenous iron vs oral iron Constipation Reported by the women · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.21 [0.11, 0.39] | 6 studies · 1217 participants | Very low |
Intravenous iron vs oral iron All gastrointestinal symptoms Reported by the women · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.31 [0.2, 0.47] | 8 studies · 1307 participants | Very low |
Intravenous iron vs oral iron Anaphylaxis or evidence of hypersensitivity Clinical assessment · women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | RR 2.78 [0.31, 24.92] | 8 studies · 1454 participants | Low |
Red blood cell transfusion vs non‐transfusion (Comparison 2) Maternal mortality ‐ not reported · patients with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia Treatment for women with postpartum iron deficiency anaemia (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |