Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

4,703 questions · 15,007 findings · 1,416 reviews

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No studies found 2,881 · 19.2%GRADE not reported 1,551 · 10.3%Very low 3,111 · 20.7%Low 3,881 · 25.9%Moderate 2,669 · 17.8%High 914 · 6.1%

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Vitamin D vs placebo

Proportion of participants with one or more serious adverse events due to any cause · children and adults with predominantly mild to moderate asthma

Summary of findings table ‐ Vitamin D showed no clear difference in proportion of participants with one or more serious adverse events… compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D for the management of asthma 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.89 [0.56, 1.41]
12 studies · 1556 participants
High

Vitamin D vs placebo

People with fatal asthma exacerbation. · children and adults with predominantly mild to moderate asthma

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D for the management of asthma 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
16 studies · 1976 participants
Low

Vitamin D vs placebo

Withdrawals (parallel group trials/first arm cross‐over trials) · children and adults with predominantly mild to moderate asthma

Summary of findings table ‐ Vitamin D showed no clear difference in withdrawals from trial compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D for the management of asthma 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.05 [0.77, 1.43]
20 studies · 2225 participants
High

Paracetamol vs placebo

hours

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in acute… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

NSAIDs vs placebo

to 72 hours (48 hours)

NSAIDs may leads to lower to 72 hours (48 hours) compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in acute… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.28 [0.11, 0.7]
1 study · 146 participants
Low

NSAIDs vs placebo

to 7 days

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in acute… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

NSAIDs vs placebo

Adverse events

It is very uncertain whether NSAIDs changes adverse events compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in acute… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.76 [0.44, 7.1]
1 study · 146 participants
Very low

NSAIDs vs placebo

Mean time to resolution of pain

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in acute… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

NSAIDs vs placebo

Mean pain score at various time points

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in acute… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

NSAIDs vs placebo

Reconsultations

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in acute… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

NSAIDs vs placebo

Delayed antibiotic prescriptions

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in acute… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Paracetamol vs placebo

to 72 hours (48 hours)

Paracetamol may leads to lower to 72 hours (48 hours) compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in acute… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.38 [0.17, 0.85]
1 study · 148 participants
Low

Paracetamol vs placebo

to 7 days

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in acute… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Paracetamol vs placebo

Adverse events

It is very uncertain whether paracetamol changes adverse events compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in acute… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.03 [0.21, 4.93]
1 study · 148 participants
Very low

Paracetamol vs placebo

Mean time to resolution of pain

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in acute… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Paracetamol vs placebo

Mean pain score at various time points

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in acute… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Paracetamol vs placebo

Reconsultations

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in acute… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Paracetamol vs placebo

Delayed antibiotic prescriptions

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in acute… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

NSAIDs vs placebo

hours

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in acute… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Summary of findings table ‐ Rifaximin vs placebo or no intervention

Mortality ‐ total number · prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis

Summary of findings table ‐ Rifaximin showed no clear difference in mortality ‐ total number compared with placebo/no intervention (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Rifaximin for prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy in people with cirrhosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.83 [0.5, 1.38]
13 studies · 1007 participants
Moderate