What do systematic reviews say?

Non‐invasive ventilation vs usual care

Non‐invasive ventilation probably leads to lower mortality compared with usual medical care (moderate certainty).

• Non‐invasive ventilation for the management of acute hypercapnic respiratory failure due to exacerbation of chronic… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.54 [0.38, 0.76]
  12 studies · 854 participants
  Moderate

Non‐invasive ventilation vs usual care

Non‐invasive ventilation probably leads to lower need for endotracheal intubation compared with usual medical care (moderate certainty).

• Non‐invasive ventilation for the management of acute hypercapnic respiratory failure due to exacerbation of chronic… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.36 [0.28, 0.46]
  17 studies · 1105 participants
  Moderate

Non‐invasive ventilation vs usual care

• Non‐invasive ventilation for the management of acute hypercapnic respiratory failure due to exacerbation of chronic… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  10 studies · 888 participants
  Moderate

Sildenafil vs placebo

• Sildenafil for pulmonary hypertension in neonates 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 57 participants
  Low

Sildenafil vs placebo

• Sildenafil for pulmonary hypertension in neonates 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 12 participants
  Low

Sildenafil vs placebo

Sildenafil may leads to lower all‐cause mortality compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Sildenafil for pulmonary hypertension in neonates 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.2 [0.07, 0.56]
  3 studies · 77 participants
  Low

Sildenafil vs active control

It is very uncertain whether sildenafil changes all‐cause mortality compared with active control (very low certainty).

• Sildenafil for pulmonary hypertension in neonates 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.55 [0.05, 5.75]
  1 study · 65 participants
  Very low

Sildenafil plus iNO vs placebo plus iNO

Sildenafil plus iNO showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with placebo plus iNO (low certainty).

• Sildenafil for pulmonary hypertension in neonates 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.27 [0.26, 6.28]
  1 study · 24 participants
  Low

Sildenafil plus iNO vs placebo plus iNO

• Sildenafil for pulmonary hypertension in neonates 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 24 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention may leads to lower failure: second attempt required (low certainty).

• Manipulative interventions for reducing pulled elbow in young children 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.35 [0.25, 0.5]
  8 studies · 811 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Manipulative interventions for reducing pulled elbow in young children 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  Very low

Intervention not reported

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Manipulative interventions for reducing pulled elbow in young children 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes failure: continued failure after second attempt using same procedure… (very low certainty).

• Manipulative interventions for reducing pulled elbow in young children 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.16 [0.09, 0.32]
  6 studies · 624 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Manipulative interventions for reducing pulled elbow in young children 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Manipulative interventions for reducing pulled elbow in young children 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Self‐management interventions vs usual care

• Self‐management interventions including action plans for exacerbations versus usual care in patients with chronic… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  10 studies · 1582 participants
  High

Self‐management interventions vs usual care

• Self‐management interventions including action plans for exacerbations versus usual care in patients with chronic… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 217 participants
  Low

Self‐management interventions vs usual care

Self‐management interventions including action plans for exacerbations showed no clear difference in courses of oral steroids compared with usual care (low certainty).

• Self‐management interventions including action plans for exacerbations versus usual care in patients with chronic… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 4.38 [0.55, 34.91]
  4 studies · 963 participants
  Low

Umeclidinium bromide vs placebo

Umeclidinium bromide leads to lower number of participants with exacerbations requiring steroids,… compared with placebo (high certainty).

• Umeclidinium bromide versus placebo for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.61 [0.46, 0.8]
  4 studies · 1922 participants
  High

Umeclidinium bromide vs placebo

Umeclidinium bromide probably leads to higher quality of life: number of participants with ≥ 4 units improvement… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Umeclidinium bromide versus placebo for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.45 [1.16, 1.82]
  3 studies · 1397 participants
  Moderate