Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

3,801 questions · 4,079 findings · 473 reviews

No studies found 669 · 16.4%GRADE not reported 852 · 20.9%Very low 738 · 18.1%Low 903 · 22.1%Moderate 716 · 17.6%High 201 · 4.9%

Conventional GIC vs Amalgam or metal-reinforced GIC

Treatment failure (annual failure rate) · Children with previously unrestored, vital carious lesions in primary teeth (no pulp therapy); aged 1.5-11 years

Conventional GIC had an annual failure rate of 7.6-16.6% (2 RCTs) and failed more than amalgam in one trial; low quality of evidence (ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review

Class-I (single-surface) cavity restoration vs Class-II (proximal/multi-surface) cavity restoration

Treatment failure (annual failure rate) by cavity class · Children with carious primary teeth restored in Class-I versus Class-II cavities, no pulp therapy

Class-II restorations failed more than Class-I (annual failure 5-28.9% vs 1.2-14.7% in ART studies); low quality of evidence (ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review

Hall technique vs Compomer restoration or non-restorative caries treatment

Treatment failure (annual failure rate) · Children (aged 3-8 years) with 2-surface occluso-proximal dentine caries in primary molars, no pulp therapy

Preformed metal (Hall) crowns had a low reported annual failure rate (3.1%) versus compomer (14.7%) in one RCT; low quality of evidence (ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review

Composite resin vs Compomer, glass-ionomer/RMGIC, amalgam, or glass carbomer

Treatment failure (annual failure rate) · Children with previously unrestored, vital carious lesions in primary teeth (no pulp therapy); aged 1.5-11 years

Composite resin (hybrid 0-19.5%; bulk-fill 0-16.9%) performed comparably to or better than most alternatives across 11 RCTs; evidence is of low to unclear quality (ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review

Bio-active restorative materials vs Any restorative material or technique

Not applicable (no eligible studies) · Children with carious primary teeth (no pulp therapy)

No eligible RCTs assessed new bio-active restorative materials in carious primary teeth; this is an evidence gap identified by the review.

1 finding from 1 review

Glass carbomer restoration (placed after drilling) vs Composite resin or RMGIC

Treatment failure (annual failure rate) · Children with previously unrestored, vital carious lesions in primary teeth (no pulp therapy); aged 1.5-11 years

Glass carbomer had very high failure rates (up to 46.2%) in a single RCT, far worse than composite resin or RMGIC; low quality of evidence (ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review

Amalgam vs Preformed metal crown (PMC)

Treatment failure (annual failure rate) · Children with carious primary molars treated by pulpotomy (vital pulp therapy)

Preformed metal crowns had a low annual failure rate (2.4%) in primary molars after pulpotomy, lower than amalgam in the same trial (single high-risk-of-bias RCT; low quality of evidence; not GRADE-rated).

2 findings from 1 review

Early systemic postnatal corticosteroids vs placebo or no treatment

Mortality Mortality at latest · preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants

Early systemic postnatal corticosteroids showed no clear difference in mortality at latest reported age compared with placebo or no treatment (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Early systemic postnatal corticosteroids vs placebo or no treatment

BPD (36 weeks' PMA) · preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants

Early systemic postnatal corticosteroids probably leads to lower BPD (36 weeks' PMA) compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Early systemic postnatal corticosteroids vs placebo or no treatment

Death or bronchopulmonary dysplasia at 36 weeks PMA · preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants

Early systemic postnatal corticosteroids leads to lower mortality or BPD at 36 weeks' PMA compared with placebo or no treatment (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Early systemic postnatal corticosteroids vs placebo or no treatment

Gastrointestinal perforation during primary hospitalisation · preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants

Early systemic postnatal corticosteroids leads to higher gastrointestinal perforation during primary hospitalisation compared with placebo or no treatment (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Early systemic postnatal corticosteroids vs placebo or no treatment

Cerebral palsy · preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants

Early systemic postnatal corticosteroids leads to higher cerebral palsy at latest reported age compared with placebo or no treatment (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Early systemic postnatal corticosteroids vs placebo or no treatment

Death or cerebral palsy · preventing bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants

Early systemic postnatal corticosteroids showed no clear difference in mortality or cerebral palsy at latest reported age compared with placebo or no treatment (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review