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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids vs single course B4: Discontinuation of therapy due to maternal adverse effects – an all women · the woman Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 485 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids vs single course Adverse effects of corticosteroids · the woman Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 1477 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids vs single course Admission to the intensive care unit ‐ not reported · the woman Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids vs single course Breastfeeding at hospital discharge ‐ not reported · the woman Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids vs single course C1: Total deaths (after randomisation) up to early childhood · the child Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.81, 1.4] | 5 studies · 4565 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids vs single course C2: Neurodevelopmental impairment at early childhood · the child Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.85, 1.1] | 4 studies · 3616 participants | High |
Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids vs single course C3: Survival free of neurodevelopmental impairment at early childhood · the child Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.98, 1.04] | 4 studies · 3845 participants | High |
Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids vs single course C4: Survival free of major neurodevelopmental impairment atearly childhood · the child Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.98, 1.05] | 3 studies · 1816 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids vs single course D1: Total deaths (after randomisation) up to mid‐ to later childhood · the child Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.69, 1.26] | 2 studies · 2874 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroid vs single course A5: Respiratory distress syndrome – all fetuses randomised · the fetus/neonate/infant Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.74, 0.9] | 9 studies · 3540 participants | High |
Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids vs single course D2: Neurocognitive impairment atmid‐ to later childhood · the child Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.72, 1.29] | 1 study · 897 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids vs single course D3: Survival free of neurocognitive impairment atmid‐ to later childhood · the child Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.95, 1.08] | 1 study · 963 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids vs single course D4: Survival free of major neurocognitive impairment atmid‐ to later childhood · the child Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.97, 1.04] | 2 studies · 2682 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroid vs single course A7: Severe lung disease – all fetuses randomised · the fetus/neonate/infant Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.72, 0.97] | 6 studies · 4955 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroid vs single course A8: Chronic lung disease – all fetuses randomised · the fetus/neonate/infant Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.83, 1.22] | 9 studies · 5661 participants | High |
Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroid vs single course A9: Severe intraventricular haemorrhage (grade 3 or 4) – all fetuses randomised · the fetus/neonate/infant Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [0.69, 1.86] | 7 studies · 5066 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroid vs single course A11: Necrotising enterocolitis – all fetuses randomised · the fetus/neonate/infant Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.59, 1.22] | 9 studies · 5736 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroid vs single course A12: Composite of serious outcomes– all fetuses randomised · the fetus/neonate/infant Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.8, 0.97] | 9 studies · 5736 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids vs single course B1: Maternal death – all women · the woman Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.32 [0.01, 7.81] | 1 study · 437 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids vs single course B2: Maternal sepsis – an all women · the woman Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [0.93, 1.39] | 8 studies · 4666 participants | Moderate |
Dexamethasone vs betamethasone – maternal outcomes Death · women at risk of preterm birth Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Dexamethasone vs betamethasone – child outcomes Neurodevelopmental disability at · women at risk of preterm birth Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.85, 1.22] | 2 studies · 1151 participants | Moderate |
Dexamethasone vs betamethasone – child outcomes Visual impairment · women at risk of preterm birth Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.01, 8.15] | 1 study · 1227 participants | Low |
Dexamethasone vs betamethasone – child outcomes Hearing impairment · women at risk of preterm birth Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.16 [0.63, 2.16] | 1 study · 1227 participants | Moderate |
Dexamethasone vs betamethasone – child outcomes Developmental delay –motor (mild, moderate or severe) · women at risk of preterm birth Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.66, 1.2] | 1 study · 1166 participants | Moderate |
Dexamethasone vs betamethasone – child outcomes Intellectual impairment: developmental delay – cognitive or language (mild, moderate or severe) · women at risk of preterm birth Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.79, 1.2] | 1 study · 1161 participants | Moderate |
Dexamethasone vs betamethasone – child outcomes Cerebral palsy · women at risk of preterm birth Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 2.5 [0.97, 6.39] | 1 study · 1223 participants | Low |
Dexamethasone: oral vs intramuscular – fetal/neonatal outcomes Any known death after randomisation (fetal, neonatal, child, child as adult) · women at risk of preterm birth Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.48 [0.45, 4.9] | 1 study · 183 participants | Very low |
Dexamethasone: oral vs intramuscular – fetal/neonatal outcomes Respiratory distress syndrome · women at risk of preterm birth Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.15 [0.75, 1.77] | 1 study · 183 participants | Very low |
Dexamethasone: oral vs intramuscular – fetal/neonatal outcomes Intraventricular haemorrhage · women at risk of preterm birth Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 4.24 [0.96, 18.83] | 1 study · 183 participants | Very low |
Dexamethasone: oral vs intramuscular – fetal/neonatal outcomes Necrotising enterocolitis · women at risk of preterm birth Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 5.09 [0.63, 41.45] | 1 study · 183 participants | Very low |
Dexamethasone vs betamethasone – maternal outcomes Chorioamnionitis · women at risk of preterm birth Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.48, 1.06] | 1 study · 1346 participants | Moderate |
Dexamethasone: oral vs intramuscular – fetal/neonatal outcomes Chronic lung disease · women at risk of preterm birth Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Betamethasone acetate plus phosphate vs betamethasone phosphate – fetal/neonatal outcomes Any known death after randomisation (fetal, neonatal, child, child as adult) · women at risk of preterm birth Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.32 [0.01, 7.69] | 1 study · 69 participants | Very low |
Betamethasone acetate plus phosphate vs betamethasone phosphate – fetal/neonatal outcomes Respiratory distress syndrome · women at risk of preterm birth Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.19 [0.01, 3.91] | 1 study · 69 participants | Very low |
Betamethasone acetate plus phosphate vs betamethasone phosphate – fetal/neonatal outcomes Intraventricular haemorrhage · women at risk of preterm birth Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.32 [0.01, 7.69] | 1 study · 69 participants | Very low |
Betamethasone acetate plus phosphate vs betamethasone phosphate – fetal/neonatal outcomes Necrotising enterocolitis · women at risk of preterm birth Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Betamethasone acetate plus phosphate vs betamethasone phosphate – fetal/neonatal outcomes Chronic lung disease · women at risk of preterm birth Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Betamethasone 12‐hourly vs 24‐hourly dosing – fetal/neonatal outcomes Any known death after randomisation (fetal, neonatal, child, child as adult) · women at risk of preterm birth Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.46, 1.87] | 1 study · 255 participants | Very low |
Betamethasone 12‐hourly vs 24‐hourly dosing – fetal/neonatal outcomes Respiratory distress syndrome · women at risk of preterm birth Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.67, 1.36] | 1 study · 253 participants | Very low |
Betamethasone 12‐hourly vs 24‐hourly dosing – fetal/neonatal outcomes Intraventricular haemorrhage · women at risk of preterm birth Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.4 [0.73, 2.7] | 1 study · 253 participants | Very low |
Betamethasone 12‐hourly vs 24‐hourly dosing – fetal/neonatal outcomes Chronic lung disease · women at risk of preterm birth Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.77 [0.48, 1.24] | 1 study · 253 participants | Very low |
Dexamethasone vs betamethasone – maternal outcomes Puerperal sepsis · women at risk of preterm birth Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Betamethasone 12‐hourly vs 24‐hourly dosing – fetal/neonatal outcomes Necrotising enterocolitis · women at risk of preterm birth Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 9.08 [0.54, 153.08] | 1 study · 253 participants | Very low |
Dexamethasone vs betamethasone – maternal outcomes Maternal adverse effects of therapy · women at risk of preterm birth Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.63 [0.35, 1.13] | 2 studies · 1705 participants | Moderate |
Dexamethasone vs betamethasone – fetal/neonatal outcomes Any known death after randomisation (fetal, neonatal, child, child as adult) · women at risk of preterm birth Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.66, 1.63] | 5 studies · 2105 participants | Moderate |
Dexamethasone vs betamethasone – fetal/neonatal outcomes Respiratory distress syndrome · women at risk of preterm birth Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.91, 1.22] | 5 studies · 2105 participants | High |
Dexamethasone vs betamethasone – fetal/neonatal outcomes Intraventricular haemorrhage · women at risk of preterm birth Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.28, 1.81] | 4 studies · 1901 participants | Low |
Dexamethasone vs betamethasone – fetal/neonatal outcomes Chronic lung disease · women at risk of preterm birth Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.64, 1.34] | 1 study · 1509 participants | Moderate |
Dexamethasone vs betamethasone – fetal/neonatal outcomes Necrotising enterocolitis · women at risk of preterm birth Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 5.08 [0.25, 105.15] | 2 studies · 441 participants | Low |