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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,050 questions in 42 reviews · Incontinence
current versionsNo studies 391 · 37.2%Ungraded 82 · 7.8%Very low 199 · 19%Low 206 · 19.6%Moderate 150 · 14.3%High 22 · 2.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Traditional suburethral sling operation vs open abdominal retropubic colposuspension Repeat surgery for urinary incontinence‐stress urinary incontinence (symptoms only) · women with urinary incontinence Traditional suburethral sling operations for urinary incontinence in women (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.15 [0.05, 0.42] | 1 study · 450 participants | High |
Traditional suburethral sling operation vs open abdominal retropubic colposuspension Perioperative surgical complications · women with urinary incontinence Traditional suburethral sling operations for urinary incontinence in women (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.24 [0.83, 1.86] | 4 studies · 792 participants | Very low |
Traditional suburethral sling operation vs open abdominal retropubic colposuspension Long‐term adverse effects Number of women with recurrent UTIs at > 5 years · women with urinary incontinence Traditional suburethral sling operations for urinary incontinence in women (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.57, 1.82] | 1 study · 453 participants | Low |
Traditional suburethral sling operation vs open abdominal retropubic colposuspension Condition‐specific quality of life Health status measures ‐ Incontinence Impact Questionnaire (IIQ) · women with urinary incontinence Traditional suburethral sling operations for urinary incontinence in women (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 453 participants | Low |
Traditional suburethral sling operation vs laparoscopic colposuspension Number of continent (dry) women (any definition) in the medium term (1 to 5 years) · women with urinary incontinence Traditional suburethral sling operations for urinary incontinence in women (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Traditional suburethral sling operation vs laparoscopic colposuspension Repeat surgery for urinary incontinence · women with urinary incontinence Traditional suburethral sling operations for urinary incontinence in women (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Traditional suburethral sling operation vs laparoscopic colposuspension Perioperative surgical complications · women with urinary incontinence Traditional suburethral sling operations for urinary incontinence in women (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Traditional suburethral sling operation vs laparoscopic colposuspension Voiding dysfunction · women with urinary incontinence Traditional suburethral sling operations for urinary incontinence in women (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Traditional suburethral sling operation vs no treatment or sham operation Long‐term adverse effects · women with urinary incontinence Traditional suburethral sling operations for urinary incontinence in women (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Traditional suburethral sling operation vs laparoscopic colposuspension Long‐term adverse effects · women with urinary incontinence Traditional suburethral sling operations for urinary incontinence in women (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Traditional suburethral sling operation vs laparoscopic colposuspension Condition‐specific quality of life · women with urinary incontinence Traditional suburethral sling operations for urinary incontinence in women (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Traditional suburethral sling operation vs a mid‐urethral sling or tape Number of continent (dry) women (any definition) in the medium term (1 to 5 years) · women with urinary incontinence Traditional suburethral sling operations for urinary incontinence in women (2020) · Cochrane | OR 0.67 [0.44, 1.02] | 6 studies · 445 participants | Moderate |
Traditional suburethral sling operation vs a mid‐urethral sling or tape Repeat surgery for urinary incontinence ‐ urodynamic stress incontinence (only) · women with urinary incontinence Traditional suburethral sling operations for urinary incontinence in women (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 136 participants | Low |
Traditional suburethral sling operation vs a mid‐urethral sling or tape Perioperative surgical complications · women with urinary incontinence Traditional suburethral sling operations for urinary incontinence in women (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.74 [1.16, 2.6] | 4 studies · 293 participants | Low |
Traditional suburethral sling operation vs a mid‐urethral sling or tape Long‐term adverse effects Release of sling required · women with urinary incontinence Traditional suburethral sling operations for urinary incontinence in women (2020) · Cochrane | RR 2.53 [0.87, 7.35] | 3 studies · 326 participants | Very low |
Traditional suburethral sling operation vs a mid‐urethral sling or tape Condition‐specific quality of life IIQ‐7 ‐ stress urinary incontinence (symptoms only) · women with urinary incontinence Traditional suburethral sling operations for urinary incontinence in women (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 63 participants | Very low |
Traditional suburethral sling operation vs a single‐incision sling (mini‐sling) Number of continent (dry) women (any definition) in the medium term (1 to 5 years) · women with urinary incontinence Traditional suburethral sling operations for urinary incontinence in women (2020) · Cochrane | OR 1 [0.23, 4.36] | 1 study · 70 participants | Very low |
Traditional suburethral sling operation vs a single‐incision sling (mini‐sling) Repeat surgery for urinary incontinence · women with urinary incontinence Traditional suburethral sling operations for urinary incontinence in women (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Traditional suburethral sling operation vs a single‐incision sling (mini‐sling) Perioperative surgical complications ‐ bladder perforation · women with urinary incontinence Traditional suburethral sling operations for urinary incontinence in women (2020) · Cochrane | RR 3 [0.13, 71.22] | 1 study · 70 participants | Very low |
Traditional suburethral sling operation vs no treatment or sham operation Condition‐specific quality of life · women with urinary incontinence Traditional suburethral sling operations for urinary incontinence in women (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Traditional suburethral sling operation vs a single‐incision sling (mini‐sling) Long‐term adverse effects · women with urinary incontinence Traditional suburethral sling operations for urinary incontinence in women (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Traditional suburethral sling operation vs a single‐incision sling (mini‐sling) Condition‐specific quality of life IIQ · women with urinary incontinence Traditional suburethral sling operations for urinary incontinence in women (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 70 participants | Very low |
One type of traditional sling operation vs another traditional sling operation Number of continent (dry) women (any definition) in the medium term (1 to 5 years) · women with urinary incontinence Traditional suburethral sling operations for urinary incontinence in women (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 749 participants | Very low |
One type of traditional sling operation vs another traditional sling operation Repeat surgery for urinary incontinence at first year Fascial sling vs Pelvicol sling · women with urinary incontinence Traditional suburethral sling operations for urinary incontinence in women (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.04 [0, 0.61] | 1 study · 113 participants | Low |
One type of traditional sling operation vs another traditional sling operation Perioperative surgical complications · women with urinary incontinence Traditional suburethral sling operations for urinary incontinence in women (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 239 participants | Very low |
One type of traditional sling operation vs another traditional sling operation Long‐term adverse effects Vaginal mesh or graft exposure · women with urinary incontinence Traditional suburethral sling operations for urinary incontinence in women (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 421 participants | Very low |
One type of traditional sling operation vs another traditional sling operation Condition‐specific quality of life ICI‐Q short form UI score at 1 to 5 years · women with urinary incontinence Traditional suburethral sling operations for urinary incontinence in women (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 282 participants | Very low |
Traditional suburethral sling operation vs conservative management Number of continent (dry) women (any definition) in the medium term (1 to 5 years) · women with urinary incontinence Traditional suburethral sling operations for urinary incontinence in women (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Traditional suburethral sling operation vs conservative management Repeat surgery for urinary incontinence · women with urinary incontinence Traditional suburethral sling operations for urinary incontinence in women (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Traditional suburethral sling operation vs conservative management Perioperative surgical complications · women with urinary incontinence Traditional suburethral sling operations for urinary incontinence in women (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Traditional suburethral sling operation vs conservative management Long‐term adverse effects · women with urinary incontinence Traditional suburethral sling operations for urinary incontinence in women (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Alarm vs control or no treatment Mean number of wet nights a week · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 127 participants | Low |
Alarm vs other types of alarm Proportion of children dry at · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.5, 1.64] | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
Alarm vs other types of alarm Proportion of children achieving 14 consecutive dry nights by the end of treatment ‐ standard alarm versus intermittent alarm · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.82, 1.36] | 3 studies · 86 participants | Very low |
Alarm vs other types of alarm Proportion of children dry at · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.7 [0.37, 1.35] | 2 studies · 59 participants | Very low |
Alarm vs other types of alarm Mean number of wet nights a week ‐ immediate alarm versus delayed alarm · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 36 participants | Very low |
Alarm vs other types of alarm Proportion of children achieving 14 consecutive dry nights by the end of treatment ‐ immediate alarm versus delayed alarm · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.88 [0.97, 3.63] | 2 studies · 62 participants | Very low |
Alarm vs other types of alarm Proportion of children dry at · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 3 [0.74, 12.21] | 1 study · 26 participants | Very low |
Alarm vs other types of alarm Mean number of wet nights per week ‐ alarm versus twin signal · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Alarm vs other types of alarm Proportion of children achieving 14 consecutive dry nights by the end of treatment ‐ alarm versus twin‐signal alarm · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.79, 1.13] | 3 studies · 78 participants | Very low |
Alarm vs other types of alarm Proportion of children dry at · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.56, 1.53] | 2 studies · 48 participants | Very low |
Alarm vs other types of alarm Proportion of children achieving 14 consecutive dry nights by the end of treatment ‐ bell and pad versus electric shock alarms · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.79, 1.27] | 1 study · 24 participants | Very low |
Alarm vs control or no treatment Proportion of children achieving 14 consecutive dry nights by the end of treatment · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 7.23 [1.4, 37.33] | 18 studies · 827 participants | Low |
Alarm vs other types of alarm Proportion of children dry at · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.17 [0.56, 2.45] | 1 study · 24 participants | Very low |
Alarm vs other types of alarm Proportion of children with adverse events ‐ bell and pad alarm vs electric shock alarm · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 36 participants | Ungraded |
Alarm vs other types of alarm Proportion of children achieving 14 consecutive dry nights by the end of treatment ‐ loud versus quiet alarms · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.33 [0.89, 1.99] | 2 studies · 40 participants | Very low |
Alarm vs other types of alarm Proportion of children dry at · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.47, 1.71] | 2 studies · 40 participants | Very low |
Alarm vs other types of alarm Proportion of children achieving 14 consecutive dry nights by the end of treatment ‐ audio vs vibrating alarms · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.68 [0.45, 1.01] | 1 study · 47 participants | Very low |
Alarm vs other types of alarm Proportion of children achieving 14 consecutive dry nights by the end of treatment ‐ code‐word alarm versus control alarm · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.97, 1.27] | 1 study · 353 participants | Moderate |
Alarm vs other types of alarm Proportion of children dry at · children with nocturnal enuresis Alarm interventions for nocturnal enuresis in children (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.79, 1.05] | 1 study · 353 participants | Moderate |