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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

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731 questions in 61 reviews · Drugs and Alcohol

current versions

No studies 57 · 7.8%Ungraded 39 · 5.3%Very low 186 · 25.4%Low 239 · 32.7%Moderate 171 · 23.4%High 39 · 5.3%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant vs placebo Participants withdrawn due to adverse effects · cannabis dependence Pharmacotherapies for cannabis dependence (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.71 [0.16, 18.04]	1 study · 76 participants	Very low
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant vs placebo Completion of scheduled treatment · cannabis dependence Pharmacotherapies for cannabis dependence (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.79 [0.49, 1.27]	3 studies · 198 participants	Very low
Mixed action antidepressant vs placebo Participants abstinent at end of treatment · cannabis dependence Pharmacotherapies for cannabis dependence (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.82 [0.12, 5.41]	2 studies · 179 participants	Low
Integrated CBT vs Twelve Step Facilitation Depression score · co‐occurring depression and substance use disorders Psychological interventions for co‐occurring depression and substance use disorders (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 212 participants	Very low
Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Depression (IPT‐D) vs Other Psychological Interventions Substance use ‐ relapse · Individuals experiencing co‐occurring depression and substance use disorders Psychological interventions for co‐occurring depression and substance use disorders (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.67 [0.3, 1.5]	1 study · 38 participants	Very low
Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Depression (IPT‐D) vs Other Psychological Interventions Treatment retention · Individuals experiencing co‐occurring depression and substance use disorders Psychological interventions for co‐occurring depression and substance use disorders (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1 [0.81, 1.23]	2 studies · 64 participants	Very low
Integrated CBT vs Twelve Step Facilitation Depression score · co‐occurring depression and substance use disorders Psychological interventions for co‐occurring depression and substance use disorders (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 181 participants	Very low
Integrated CBT vs Twelve Step Facilitation Percent of days abstinent · co‐occurring depression and substance use disorders Psychological interventions for co‐occurring depression and substance use disorders (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 220 participants	Very low
Integrated CBT vs Twelve Step Facilitation Percent of days abstinent · co‐occurring depression and substance use disorders Psychological interventions for co‐occurring depression and substance use disorders (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 189 participants	Very low
Integrated CBT vs Twelve Step Facilitation Treatment retention · co‐occurring depression and substance use disorders Psychological interventions for co‐occurring depression and substance use disorders (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.95 [0.72, 1.25]	2 studies · 296 participants	Very low
Integrated CBT vs Twelve Step Facilitation Number of treatment sessions attended Scale from: 0 to 36 · co‐occurring depression and substance use disorders Psychological interventions for co‐occurring depression and substance use disorders (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 270 participants	Very low
Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Depression (IPT‐D) vs Other Psychological Interventions Depression score · Individuals experiencing co‐occurring depression and substance use disorders Psychological interventions for co‐occurring depression and substance use disorders (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 64 participants	Very low
Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Depression (IPT‐D) vs Other Psychological Interventions Depression score · Individuals experiencing co‐occurring depression and substance use disorders Psychological interventions for co‐occurring depression and substance use disorders (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 38 participants	Very low
Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Depression (IPT‐D) vs Other Psychological Interventions Percentage of days abstinent · Individuals experiencing co‐occurring depression and substance use disorders Psychological interventions for co‐occurring depression and substance use disorders (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 26 participants	Very low
Therapeutic community vs treatment Re‐arrests · drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.67 [0.53, 0.84]	2 studies · 266 participants	Moderate
Mental health treatment court with assertive case management model vs treatment Self‐reported drug use · drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 235 participants	Low
Motivational interviewing/mindfulness and cognitive skills vs relaxation training Self‐reported marijuana use continuous · drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 181 participants	Moderate
Motivational interviewing/mindfulness and cognitive skills vs waiting list control Self‐reported drug use · drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 31 participants	Low
Motivational interviewing/mindfulness and cognitive skills vs waiting list control Abstinence from drug use · drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems (2019) · Cochrane	RR 2.89 [0.73, 11.43]	1 study · 31 participants	Low
Motivational interviewing/mindfulness and cognitive skills vs treatment Self‐reported frequency of marijuana use · drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 40 participants	Very low
Motivational interviewing/mindfulness and cognitive skills vs treatment Arrest frequency post release · drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 40 participants	Very low
Motivational interviewing/mindfulness and cognitive skills vs treatment Time to first arrest or offence · drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 40 participants	Very low
Motivational interviewing/mindfulness and cognitive skills vs treatment Positive drug screen or refusal to provide a urine sample · drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 84 participants	Very low
Multi‐systemic therapy involving family and juveniles vs treatment Drug dependence · drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 156 participants	Low
Multi‐systemic therapy involving family and juveniles vs treatment Arrested assessed by corroborating with police data · drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.97 [0.7, 1.36]	1 study · 158 participants	Low
Therapeutic community vs treatment Re‐incarceration · drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.4 [0.24, 0.67]	2 studies · 266 participants	Moderate
Multi‐systemic therapy involving family vs group substance abuse therapy Arrests · drug‐using adolescents with co‐occurring mental health problems Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 112 participants	Low
Interpersonal psychotherapy vs a psychoeducational intervention Substance abuse relapse post release · drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.67 [0.3, 1.5]	1 study · 38 participants	Very low
Legal defence service and wrap‐around social work services vs legal defence service only Committing new offences · drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.64 [0.07, 6.01]	1 study · 29 participants	Very low
Therapeutic community and aftercare vs cognitive behavioural skills Self‐reported drug use · drug‐using women offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.78 [0.46, 1.32]	1 study · 314 participants	Low
Therapeutic community and aftercare vs cognitive behavioural skills Re‐arrest for any type of crime · drug‐using women offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.69 [0.44, 1.09]	1 study · 314 participants	Low
Therapeutic community and aftercare vs cognitive behavioural skills Criminal Activity · drug‐using women offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.74 [0.52, 1.05]	1 study · 314 participants	Low
Therapeutic community and aftercare vs cognitive behavioural skills Drug‐related crime · drug‐using women offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.87 [0.56, 1.36]	1 study · 314 participants	Low
Therapeutic community vs waiting list control Return to prison (recidivism) post parole · drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.6 [0.46, 0.79]	1 study · 478 participants	Moderate
Mental health treatment court with assertive case management model vs treatment Conviction for a new crime · drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.05 [0.9, 1.22]	1 study · 235 participants	Low
Mental health treatment court with assertive case management model vs treatment Re‐incarceration to jail · drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems Interventions for drug‐using offenders with co‐occurring mental health problems (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.79 [0.62, 1.01]	1 study · 235 participants	Low
Collaborative case management vs treatment Use of primary drug during 9 month · female offenders Interventions for female drug‐using offenders (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.65 [0.2, 2.12]	1 study · 77 participants	Low
Cognitive behavioural therapy and other therapies vs prison therapeutic community Arrested for any crime at 6 months · summary findings of female review Interventions for female drug‐using offenders (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.73 [0.52, 1.03]	1 study · 314 participants	Very low
Cognitive behavioural therapy and other therapies vs prison therapeutic community Criminal activity at 6 months · summary findings of female review Interventions for female drug‐using offenders (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.8 [0.63, 1.03]	1 study · 314 participants	Very low
Cognitive behavioural therapy and other therapies vs prison therapeutic community Drug‐related crime at 6 months · summary findings of female review Interventions for female drug‐using offenders (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.95 [0.68, 1.32]	1 study · 314 participants	Very low
Cognitive behavioural therapy and other therapies vs prison therapeutic community Arrested (not parole violation) at 6 months · summary findings of female review Interventions for female drug‐using offenders (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.43 [0.25, 0.77]	1 study · 314 participants	Very low
Cognitive behavioural therapy and other therapies vs prison therapeutic community Self‐reported drug use at 6 months · summary findings of female review Interventions for female drug‐using offenders (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.86 [0.58, 1.27]	1 study · 314 participants	Very low
Cognitive behavioural therapy and standard therapy vs treatment Incarceration at 3 months · summary findings of female review Interventions for female drug‐using offenders (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.46 [0.04, 4.68]	1 study · 44 participants	Very low
Cognitive behavioural therapy and standard therapy vs treatment Incarceration at 6 months · summary findings of female review Interventions for female drug‐using offenders (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.51 [0.2, 1.27]	1 study · 44 participants	Very low
Cognitive behavioural therapy and standard therapy vs treatment ASI drug score at 3 months · summary findings of female review Interventions for female drug‐using offenders (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 44 participants	Very low
Cognitive behavioural therapy and standard therapy vs treatment ASI drug score at 6 months · summary findings of female review Interventions for female drug‐using offenders (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 44 participants	Very low
Single computerised session vs single session of case management Number of days not using drugs (in the past 30 days) at 3 months · summary findings of female review Interventions for female drug‐using offenders (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 171 participants	Low
Collaborative case management vs treatment Reincarceration at 9 months · female offenders Interventions for female drug‐using offenders (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.71 [0.32, 1.57]	1 study · 77 participants	Low
Dialectic behaviour therapy with case management vs a health promotion scheme Positive drug test using urine sample at 6 months · summary findings of female review Interventions for female drug‐using offenders (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.67 [0.43, 1.03]	1 study · 116 participants	Very low
Dialectic behaviour therapy with case management vs a health promotion scheme Number not using marijuana at 6 months · summary findings of female review Interventions for female drug‐using offenders (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.23 [0.95, 1.59]	1 study · 116 participants	Very low