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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

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Intervention or exposure

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288 questions in 13 reviews · Dental public health and special care

current versions

No studies 73 · 25.3%Ungraded 90 · 31.3%Very low 90 · 31.3%Low 29 · 10.1%Moderate 6 · 2.1%High 0 · 0%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
Motivational interview plus oral health education vs Oral health education Dental state: No clinically important change in plaque index · People with serious mental illness (all included participants had schizophrenia); majority aged 18 to 65 years per… Oral health education (advice and training) for people with serious mental illness (2016) · Cochrane	MD -0.6 [-1.02, -0.18]	1 study · 56 participants	Very low
Educational intervention with information and practical components (theoretical oral health education plus practical skills training) for nursing staff and/or residents vs (Optimised) usual care Oral health-related knowledge of nursing staff · Nursing home nursing staff (approximately 95% female in the two contributing studies) Oral health educational interventions for nursing home staff and residents (2016) · Cochrane	SMD 0.94 [-0.04, 1.92]	2 studies · 453 participants	Ungraded
Monitoring (any means of observation, supervision, keeping under review, measuring or testing at intervals) vs No monitoring Oral health: Not having seen a dentist in the past year · People with serious mental illness (all included participants had schizophrenia); majority aged 18 to 65 years per… Oral health education (advice and training) for people with serious mental illness (2016) · Cochrane	No study reported useable data	0 studies	No studies
Oral health education (advice and training) vs Standard care (oral health advice not specifically emphasised beyond usual care) Adverse events: Clinically important specific adverse events · People with serious mental illness (all included participants had schizophrenia); majority aged 18 to 65 years per… Oral health education (advice and training) for people with serious mental illness (2016) · Cochrane	No study reported useable data	0 studies	No studies
Educational intervention with information and practical components (theoretical oral health education plus practical skills training) for nursing staff and/or residents vs (Optimised) usual care Incidence of respiratory diseases and pneumonia · Nursing home residents (mean age 78.3 to 86.0 years; more than 66% women; 62.1% to 87.3% with dental prostheses) Oral health educational interventions for nursing home staff and residents (2016) · Cochrane	None of the included studies assessed incidence of respiratory diseases or pneumonia.	0 studies	No studies
Educational intervention with information only (theoretical dental health education, no practical training) vs Usual care Denture-induced stomatitis · Residents of institutions for elderly people (nursing staff and residents took part in the education programme) Oral health educational interventions for nursing home staff and residents (2016) · Cochrane	Schou 1989 (114 residents, unclear risk of bias): no difference in the prevalence of denture stomatitis between the groups.	1 study · 114 participants	Ungraded
Monitoring (any means of observation, supervision, keeping under review, measuring or testing at intervals) vs No monitoring Quality of life: Chronic pain · People with serious mental illness (all included participants had schizophrenia); majority aged 18 to 65 years per… Oral health education (advice and training) for people with serious mental illness (2016) · Cochrane	No study reported useable data	0 studies	No studies
Motivational interview plus oral health education vs Oral health education Self regulation: Average score (Treatment Self Regulation Questionnaire, high score = good) · People with serious mental illness (all included participants had schizophrenia); majority aged 18 to 65 years per… · External Oral health education (advice and training) for people with serious mental illness (2016) · Cochrane	MD 0.2 [-0.93, 1.33]	1 study · 56 participants	Ungraded
Monitoring (any means of observation, supervision, keeping under review, measuring or testing at intervals) vs No monitoring Service use: Emergency medical/dental treatment · People with serious mental illness (all included participants had schizophrenia); majority aged 18 to 65 years per… Oral health education (advice and training) for people with serious mental illness (2016) · Cochrane	No study reported useable data	0 studies	No studies
Educational intervention with information only (theoretical dental health education, no practical training) vs Usual care Denture plaque · Residents of institutions for elderly people (nursing staff and residents took part in the education programme) Oral health educational interventions for nursing home staff and residents (2016) · Cochrane	One study (Schou 1989), at unclear risk of bias and analysing 114 residents, provided insufficient evidence to determine whether denture plaque scores are lower when educating residents or nursing staff without…	1 study · 114 participants	Ungraded
Educational intervention with information and practical components (theoretical oral health education plus practical skills training) for nursing staff and/or residents vs (Optimised) usual care Oral health · Nursing home residents (mean age 78.3 to 86.0 years; more than 66% women; 62.1% to 87.3% with dental prostheses) Oral health educational interventions for nursing home staff and residents (2016) · Cochrane	SoF row 'Oral health': Illustrative risks -, relative effect -, participants/studies -, quality -; Comment: Outcome not reported. Not measured in any included study.	0 studies	No studies
Educational intervention with information and practical components (theoretical oral health education plus practical skills training) for nursing staff and/or residents vs (Optimised) usual care Adverse effects of the interventions · Nursing home residents (mean age 78.3 to 86.0 years; more than 66% women; 62.1% to 87.3% with dental prostheses) Oral health educational interventions for nursing home staff and residents (2016) · Cochrane	None of the included studies assessed adverse effects of the intervention.	0 studies	No studies
Monitoring (any means of observation, supervision, keeping under review, measuring or testing at intervals) vs No monitoring Adverse events: Clinically important specific adverse events · People with serious mental illness (all included participants had schizophrenia); majority aged 18 to 65 years per… Oral health education (advice and training) for people with serious mental illness (2016) · Cochrane	No study reported useable data	0 studies	No studies
Educational intervention with information and practical components (theoretical oral health education plus practical skills training) for nursing staff and/or residents vs (Optimised) usual care Oral health-related behaviour of residents · Nursing home residents Oral health educational interventions for nursing home staff and residents (2016) · Cochrane	One study (Bellomo 2005) assessed oral health-related behaviour of residents; 60 residents were interviewed about toothbrushing habits. Use of toothbrushes and the frequency of brushing during the study period were…	1 study · 60 participants	Ungraded
Monitoring (any means of observation, supervision, keeping under review, measuring or testing at intervals) vs No monitoring Dental state: No clinically important change in plaque index · People with serious mental illness (all included participants had schizophrenia); majority aged 18 to 65 years per… Oral health education (advice and training) for people with serious mental illness (2016) · Cochrane	See comment; Not estimable; 0 (0 studies); no study reported useable data	0 studies	No studies
Motivational interview plus oral health education vs Oral health education Leaving the study early · People with serious mental illness (all included participants had schizophrenia); majority aged 18 to 65 years per… Oral health education (advice and training) for people with serious mental illness (2016) · Cochrane	RR 3.00 [0.33, 27.23]	1 study · 60 participants	Moderate
Motivational interview plus oral health education vs Oral health education Self regulation: Average score (Treatment Self Regulation Questionnaire, high score = good) · People with serious mental illness (all included participants had schizophrenia); majority aged 18 to 65 years per… · Autonomous Oral health education (advice and training) for people with serious mental illness (2016) · Cochrane	MD 0.7 [-0.43, 1.83]	1 study · 56 participants	Ungraded
Motivational interview plus oral health education vs Oral health education Adverse events: Clinically important specific adverse events · People with serious mental illness (all included participants had schizophrenia); majority aged 18 to 65 years per… Oral health education (advice and training) for people with serious mental illness (2016) · Cochrane	No study reported useable data	0 studies	No studies
Monitoring (any means of observation, supervision, keeping under review, measuring or testing at intervals) vs No monitoring Leaving the study early · People with serious mental illness (all included participants had schizophrenia); majority aged 18 to 65 years per… Oral health education (advice and training) for people with serious mental illness (2016) · Cochrane	RR 1.07 [1.00, 1.14]	1 study · 1682 participants	Moderate
Motivational interview plus oral health education vs Oral health education Self regulation: Average score (Treatment Self Regulation Questionnaire, high score = good) · People with serious mental illness (all included participants had schizophrenia); majority aged 18 to 65 years per… · Introjected Oral health education (advice and training) for people with serious mental illness (2016) · Cochrane	MD 1.1 [0.22, 1.98]	1 study · 56 participants	Ungraded
Educational intervention with information and practical components (theoretical oral health education plus practical skills training) for nursing staff and/or residents vs (Optimised) usual care Denture-induced stomatitis · Nursing home residents (mean age 78.3 to 86.0 years; more than 66% women; 62.1% to 87.3% with dental prostheses) · 6 to 18 months Oral health educational interventions for nursing home staff and residents (2016) · Cochrane	SoF: Denture-induced stomatitis (method of Budtz-Jorgensen; follow-up 6 to 18 months). No meta-analysis (data not comparable). 417 participants (2 RCTs); low quality. Comment: 2 studies at unclear (Frenkel 2001) or…	2 studies · 417 participants	Low
Oral health education (advice and training) vs Standard care (oral health advice not specifically emphasised beyond usual care) Oral health: Not having seen a dentist in the past year · People with serious mental illness (all included participants had schizophrenia); majority aged 18 to 65 years per… Oral health education (advice and training) for people with serious mental illness (2016) · Cochrane	No study reported useable data	0 studies	No studies
Motivational interview plus oral health education vs Oral health education Knowledge: Average score (Oral Health Knowledge Questionnaire, high score = good) · People with serious mental illness (all included participants had schizophrenia); majority aged 18 to 65 years per… Oral health education (advice and training) for people with serious mental illness (2016) · Cochrane	MD 5.4 [3.71, 7.09]	1 study · 56 participants	Ungraded
Oral health education (advice and training) vs Standard care (oral health advice not specifically emphasised beyond usual care) Economic: Increased costs of health care · People with serious mental illness (all included participants had schizophrenia); majority aged 18 to 65 years per… Oral health education (advice and training) for people with serious mental illness (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies	No studies
Educational intervention with information and practical components (theoretical oral health education plus practical skills training) for nursing staff and/or residents vs (Optimised) usual care Gingivitis · Nursing home residents (mean age 78.3 to 86.0 years; more than 66% women; 62.1% to 87.3% with dental prostheses) · 3 to 6 months Oral health educational interventions for nursing home staff and residents (2016) · Cochrane	SoF: Gingivitis (Gingival Bleeding Index and method of Suomi; follow-up 3 to 6 months). No meta-analysis (data not comparable). 245 participants (3 RCTs); low quality. Comment: 3 studies at unclear risk of bias showed…	3 studies · 245 participants	Low
Motivational interview plus oral health education vs Oral health education Service use: Emergency medical/dental treatment · People with serious mental illness (all included participants had schizophrenia); majority aged 18 to 65 years per… Oral health education (advice and training) for people with serious mental illness (2016) · Cochrane	No study reported useable data	0 studies	No studies
Oral health education (advice and training) vs Standard care (oral health advice not specifically emphasised beyond usual care) Quality of life: Chronic pain · People with serious mental illness (all included participants had schizophrenia); majority aged 18 to 65 years per… Oral health education (advice and training) for people with serious mental illness (2016) · Cochrane	No study reported useable data	0 studies	No studies
Motivational interview plus oral health education vs Oral health education Oral health: Not brushing teeth twice a day · People with serious mental illness (all included participants had schizophrenia); majority aged 18 to 65 years per… Oral health education (advice and training) for people with serious mental illness (2016) · Cochrane	No study reported useable data	0 studies	No studies
Educational intervention with information only (theoretical dental health education, no practical training) vs Usual care Oral health-related behaviour (denture cleaning habits) · Residents of institutions for elderly people (nursing staff and residents took part in the education programme) Oral health educational interventions for nursing home staff and residents (2016) · Cochrane	Schou 1989 (114 residents, unclear risk of bias): the number of residents reporting correct denture cleaning habits increased, but not significantly compared to baseline (baseline N = 28; follow-up N = 38).	1 study · 114 participants	Ungraded
Educational intervention with information and practical components (theoretical oral health education plus practical skills training) for nursing staff and/or residents vs (Optimised) usual care Oral health-related quality of life · Nursing home residents (mean age 78.3 to 86.0 years; more than 66% women; 62.1% to 87.3% with dental prostheses) Oral health educational interventions for nursing home staff and residents (2016) · Cochrane	SoF row 'Oral health-related quality of life': Illustrative risks -, relative effect -, participants/studies -, quality -; Comment: Outcome not reported. Not measured in any included study.	0 studies	No studies
Educational intervention with information and practical components (theoretical oral health education plus practical skills training) for nursing staff and/or residents vs (Optimised) usual care Dental plaque · Nursing home residents (mean age 78.3 to 86.0 years; more than 66% women; 62.1% to 87.3% with dental prostheses) · 3 to 60 months Oral health educational interventions for nursing home staff and residents (2016) · Cochrane	MD -0.04 [-0.26, 0.17]	6 studies · 437 participants	Low
Motivational interview plus oral health education vs Oral health education Oral health: Not having seen a dentist in the past year · People with serious mental illness (all included participants had schizophrenia); majority aged 18 to 65 years per… Oral health education (advice and training) for people with serious mental illness (2016) · Cochrane	No study reported useable data	0 studies	No studies
Intervention programmes - referral to specialist agencies for support in relation to domestic violence vs No intervention programme Severity of injury by self report · Adults (16 years of age and older) who present to any healthcare setting with dental or facial injury Domestic violence screening and intervention programmes for adults with dental or facial injury (2010) · Cochrane	No eligible randomised controlled trials were identified. The update search retrieved an additional 2129 references; after de-duplication this left 1381 potentially eligible studies, and after examination of titles and…	0 studies	No studies
Intervention programmes - referral to specialist agencies for support in relation to domestic violence vs No intervention programme Frequency of physical assault by self report · Adults (16 years of age and older) who present to any healthcare setting with dental or facial injury Domestic violence screening and intervention programmes for adults with dental or facial injury (2010) · Cochrane	No eligible randomised controlled trials were identified. The update search retrieved an additional 2129 references; after de-duplication this left 1381 potentially eligible studies, and after examination of titles and…	0 studies	No studies
Screening for domestic violence vs Different screening tool Proportion of victims of domestic violence detected by self report · Adults (16 years of age and older) who present to any healthcare setting with dental or facial injury Domestic violence screening and intervention programmes for adults with dental or facial injury (2010) · Cochrane	No eligible randomised controlled trials were identified. The update search retrieved an additional 2129 references; after de-duplication this left 1381 potentially eligible studies, and after examination of titles and…	0 studies	No studies
Intervention programmes - referral to specialist agencies for support in relation to domestic violence vs Different intervention programme Frequency of physical assault by self report · Adults (16 years of age and older) who present to any healthcare setting with dental or facial injury Domestic violence screening and intervention programmes for adults with dental or facial injury (2010) · Cochrane	No eligible randomised controlled trials were identified. The update search retrieved an additional 2129 references; after de-duplication this left 1381 potentially eligible studies, and after examination of titles and…	0 studies	No studies
Intervention programmes - referral to specialist agencies for support in relation to domestic violence vs Different intervention programme Severity of injury by self report · Adults (16 years of age and older) who present to any healthcare setting with dental or facial injury Domestic violence screening and intervention programmes for adults with dental or facial injury (2010) · Cochrane	No eligible randomised controlled trials were identified. The update search retrieved an additional 2129 references; after de-duplication this left 1381 potentially eligible studies, and after examination of titles and…	0 studies	No studies
Screening for domestic violence vs No screening Proportion of victims of domestic violence detected by self report · Adults (16 years of age and older) who present to any healthcare setting with dental or facial injury Domestic violence screening and intervention programmes for adults with dental or facial injury (2010) · Cochrane	No eligible randomised controlled trials were identified. The update search retrieved an additional 2129 references; after de-duplication this left 1381 potentially eligible studies, and after examination of titles and…	0 studies	No studies