Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

331 questions · 353 findings · 56 reviews

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No studies found 41 · 11.6%GRADE not reported 74 · 21%Very low 128 · 36.3%Low 66 · 18.7%Moderate 32 · 9.1%High 12 · 3.4%

NaoMaiTai vs Western medicine

Activities of Daily Living (ADL) ‐ not measured · People with vascular dementia

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Traditional Chinese herbal medicine for vascular dementia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

NaoMaiTai vs Western medicine

Behaviour ‐ not measured · People with vascular dementia

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Traditional Chinese herbal medicine for vascular dementia 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Cooling treatment (ice pack) vs no treatment

Perineal pain within 4 ‐ 6 hours of giving birth · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth

1 finding from 1 review

Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 100 participants
Very low

Cooling treatment (ice pack) vs no treatment

Adverse effects on perineal wound healing: Day 5 ‐ Wound not healing · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth

It is very uncertain whether cooling treatment (ice pack or cold gel pad) changes adverse effects on perineal wound healing: Day 5 ‐ Wound not healing compared with no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.24 [0.34, 4.58]
1 study · 315 participants
Very low

Cooling treatment (ice pack) vs no treatment

Adverse effects on perineal wound healing: Day 5 ‐ Wound edges gaping · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth

It is very uncertain whether cooling treatment (ice pack or cold gel pad) changes adverse effects on perineal wound healing: Day 5 ‐ Wound edges gaping compared with no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.56 [0.58, 11.33]
1 study · 315 participants
Very low

Cooling treatment (ice pack) vs no treatment

Maternal views and experiences of treatment ‐ Satisfaction with overall perineal care (good + very good + excellent) Day 10 · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth

It is very uncertain whether cooling treatment (ice pack or cold gel pad) changes maternal views and experiences of treatment ‐ Satisfaction with… compared with no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.07 [0.97, 1.18]
1 study · 308 participants
Very low

Cooling treatment (ice pack) vs no treatment

Maternal views and experiences of treatment ‐ Psychospiritual comfort within 6 hours of giving birth · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth

1 finding from 1 review

Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 100 participants
Low

Cooling treatment (ice pack) vs no treatment

Maternal views and experiences of treatment ‐ Sociocultural comfort · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth

1 finding from 1 review

Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 100 participants
Low

Cooling treatment (cold gel pad)+compression vs placebo (gel pad+compression)

Perineal pain within 4 ‐ 6 hours of giving birth · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth

1 finding from 1 review

Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 250 participants
Low

Cooling treatment (cold gel pad)+compression vs placebo (gel pad+compression)

Perineal pain 24 ‐ 48 hours after giving birth · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth

1 finding from 1 review

Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 250 participants
Low

Cooling treatment (cold gel pad)+compression vs placebo (gel pad+compression)

Perineal oedema 24 ‐ 48 hours after giving birth · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth

1 finding from 1 review

Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 250 participants
Low

Cooling treatment (cold gel pad)+compression vs placebo (gel pad+compression)

Perineal bruising 24 ‐ 48 hours after giving birth · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth

1 finding from 1 review

Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 250 participants
GRADE not reported

Cooling treatment (cold gel pad)+compression vs placebo (gel pad+compression)

Adverse effects · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth

1 finding from 1 review

Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Cooling treatment (ice pack) vs no treatment

Perineal pain within 24 hours of giving birth ‐ Moderate + severe pain · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth

It is very uncertain whether cooling treatment (ice pack or cold gel pad) changes perineal pain within 24 hours of giving birth ‐ Moderate + severe pain compared with no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.03 [0.82, 1.29]
1 study · 316 participants
Very low

Cooling treatment (cold gel pad)+compression vs placebo (gel pad+compression)

1 finding from 1 review

Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 250 participants
Low

Cooling treatment (ice pack) vs placebo (water pack)

Perineal pain within 24 hours of giving birth · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth

1 finding from 1 review

Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 63 participants
GRADE not reported

Cooling treatment (ice pack) vs placebo (water pack)

Perineal oedema within 4 ‐ 6 hours after giving birth · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth

Cooling treatment (ice pack) showed no clear difference in perineal oedema within 4 ‐ 6 hours after giving birth compared with placebo (water pack) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.96 [0.5, 1.86]
1 study · 63 participants
Low

Cooling treatment (ice pack) vs placebo (water pack)

Perineal oedema within 24 hours of giving birth · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth

Cooling treatment (ice pack) showed no clear difference in perineal oedema within 24 hours after giving birth compared with placebo (water pack) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.36 [0.08, 1.59]
1 study · 63 participants
Low

Cooling treatment (ice pack) vs placebo (water pack)

Adverse effects on perineal wound healing: Day 5 ‐ Wound not healing · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth

1 finding from 1 review

Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 63 participants
GRADE not reported

Cooling treatment (ice pack) vs placebo (water pack)

Maternal views and experiences with treatment ‐ Satisfied with treatment · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth

It is very uncertain whether cooling treatment (ice pack) changes maternal views and experiences with treatment ‐ Satisfied with… compared with placebo (water pack) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Local cooling for relieving pain from perineal trauma sustained during childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.91 [0.77, 1.08]
1 study · 63 participants
Very low