Use of therapeutic uterotonics · women undergoing vaginal birth
Direct measurement using calibrated drapes showed no clear difference in use of therapeutic uterotonics compared with indirect estimation using gravimetric technique (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Maternal infection · women undergoing vaginal birth
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Maternal postpartum anaemia (haemoglobin 24–48 hours postpartum) · women undergoing vaginal birth
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Severe morbidity · women undergoing vaginal birth
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Severe perineal/vaginal trauma · Women in labour where operative delivery was not anticipated. (Women were above 16 years old and between 28 gestational weeks and full…
Selective may leads to lower severe perineal/vaginal trauma compared with routine episiotomy: all vaginal births where operative vaginal… (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Blood loss at delivery · Women in labour where operative delivery was not anticipated. (Women were above 16 years old and between 28 gestational weeks and full…
1 finding from 1 review
Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes · Women in labour where operative delivery was not anticipated. (Women were above 16 years old and between 28 gestational weeks and full…
1 finding from 1 review
Perineal infection · Women in labour where operative delivery was not anticipated. (Women were above 16 years old and between 28 gestational weeks and full…
Selective showed no clear difference in perineal infection compared with routine episiotomy: all vaginal births where operative vaginal… (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Women with moderate or severe pain (measured by visual analogue scale) · Women in labour where operative delivery was not anticipated. (Women were above 16 years old and between 28 gestational weeks and full…
It is very uncertain whether selective changes women with moderate or severe pain (measured by visual analogue scale) compared with routine episiotomy: all vaginal births where operative vaginal… (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Women with long‐term dyspareunia (≥ 6 months) · Women in labour where operative delivery was not anticipated. (Women were above 16 years old and between 28 gestational weeks and full…
Selective showed no clear difference in women with long‐term dyspareunia (≥ 6 months) compared with routine episiotomy: all vaginal births where operative vaginal… (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Women with long‐term urinary incontinence (≥ 6 months) · Women in labour where operative delivery was not anticipated. (Women were above 16 years old and between 28 gestational weeks and full…
Selective showed no clear difference in women with long‐term urinary incontinence (≥ 6 months) compared with routine episiotomy: all vaginal births where operative vaginal… (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Birthweight (g) · Pregnant women recruited before 20 weeks' gestation
Caffeinated (experimental group) showed no clear difference in birthweight (g) compared with decaffeinated group (control group) (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Preterm birth · Pregnant women recruited before 20 weeks' gestation
Caffeinated (experimental group) showed no clear difference in preterm birth compared with decaffeinated group (control group) (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Low birthweight · Pregnant women recruited before 20 weeks' gestation
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Perinatal mortality · Pregnant women recruited before 20 weeks' gestation
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Sudden infant death syndrome · Pregnant women recruited before 20 weeks' gestation
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Gestational diabetes · Pregnant women recruited before 20 weeks' gestation
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Neural tube defects (All) · all women who become pregnant or were 12 or less weeks' pregnant at the time of the intervention
Supplementation with folate leads to lower neural tube defects (All) compared with no intervention, placebo or other micronutrients without folate… (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Miscarriage · all women who become pregnant or were 12 or less weeks' pregnant at the time of the intervention
Supplementation with folate showed no clear difference in miscarriage (All) compared with no intervention, placebo or other micronutrients without folate… (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Cleft lip (All) · all women who become pregnant or were 12 or less weeks' pregnant at the time of the intervention
Supplementation with folate showed no clear difference in cleft lip (All) compared with no intervention, placebo or other micronutrients without folate… (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review