Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

870 questions · 912 findings · 85 reviews · Airways

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No studies found 65 · 7.1%GRADE not reported 34 · 3.7%Very low 115 · 12.6%Low 273 · 29.9%Moderate 330 · 36.2%High 95 · 10.4%

LABA/ICS vs LAMA

Pneumonia: low‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/ICS showed no clear difference in pneumonia: low‐risk population compared with LAMA (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 5.82 [0.7, 48.8]
2 studies · 885 participants
Low

LABA/ICS vs LABA

Moderate to severe exacerbations: high‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/ICS leads to lower moderate to severe exacerbations: high‐risk population compared with LABA (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.81 [0.75, 0.89]
10 studies · 9041 participants
High

LABA/ICS vs LABA

Moderate to severe exacerbations: low‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/ICS probably leads to lower moderate to severe exacerbations: low‐risk population compared with LABA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.83 [0.7, 0.98]
6 studies · 6689 participants
Moderate

LABA/ICS vs LABA

Severe exacerbations: high‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/ICS showed no clear difference in severe exacerbations: high‐risk population compared with LABA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.91 [0.74, 1.13]
5 studies · 4216 participants
Moderate

LABA/ICS vs LABA

Severe exacerbations: low‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/ICS showed no clear difference in severe exacerbations: low‐risk population compared with LABA (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.06 [0.9, 1.24]
6 studies · 6482 participants
High

LABA/ICS vs LABA

Pneumonia: high‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/ICS probably leads to higher pneumonia: high‐risk population compared with LABA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.46 [1.03, 2.08]
14 studies · 12586 participants
Moderate

LABA/LAMA vs LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)

Severe exacerbations: high‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/LAMA showed no clear difference in severe exacerbations: high‐risk population compared with LABA/ICS (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.88 [0.74, 1.06]
1 study · 3354 participants
Moderate

LABA/ICS vs LABA

Pneumonia: low‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/ICS leads to higher pneumonia: low‐risk population compared with LABA (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.64 [1.25, 2.14]
6 studies · 6705 participants
High

LAMA vs LABA

Moderate to severe exacerbations: high‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LAMA leads to lower moderate to severe exacerbations: high‐risk population compared with LABA (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.84 [0.76, 0.92]
1 study · 7376 participants
High

LAMA vs LABA

Moderate to severe exacerbations: low‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LAMA showed no clear difference in moderate to severe exacerbations: low‐risk population compared with LABA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.92 [0.79, 1.07]
5 studies · 4567 participants
Moderate

LAMA vs LABA

Severe exacerbations: high‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LAMA showed no clear difference in severe exacerbations: high‐risk population compared with LABA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.88 [0.78, 1.01]
1 study · 7376 participants
Moderate

LAMA vs LABA

Severe exacerbations: low‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LAMA showed no clear difference in severe exacerbations: low‐risk population compared with LABA (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.64 [0.36, 1.13]
4 studies · 3320 participants
Low

LAMA vs LABA

Pneumonia: high‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LAMA showed no clear difference in pneumonia: high‐risk population compared with LABA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.83 [0.61, 1.13]
2 studies · 10815 participants
Moderate

LAMA vs LABA

Pneumonia: low‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LAMA showed no clear difference in pneumonia: low‐risk population compared with LABA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.01 [0.61, 1.69]
10 studies · 11338 participants
Moderate

LABA/LAMA vs LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)

Severe exacerbations: low‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/LAMA showed no clear difference in severe exacerbations: low‐risk population compared with LABA/ICS (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.66 [0.27, 1.63]
4 studies · 2860 participants
Moderate

LABA/LAMA vs LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)

Pneumonia: high‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/LAMA probably leads to lower pneumonia: high‐risk population compared with LABA/ICS (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.62 [0.4, 0.96]
1 study · 3358 participants
Moderate

LABA/LAMA vs LABA plus inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)

Pneumonia: low‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/LAMA probably leads to lower pneumonia: low‐risk population compared with LABA/ICS (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.43 [0.19, 0.97]
7 studies · 5395 participants
Moderate

LABA/LAMA vs LAMA

Moderate to severe exacerbations: high‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/LAMA showed no clear difference in moderate to severe exacerbations: high‐risk population compared with LAMA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.06 [0.89, 1.27]
1 study · 2206 participants
Moderate

LABA/LAMA vs LAMA

Moderate to severe exacerbations: low‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/LAMA showed no clear difference in moderate to severe exacerbations: low‐risk population compared with LAMA (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.93 [0.66, 1.3]
8 studies · 5192 participants
Low

LABA/LAMA vs LAMA

Severe exacerbations: high‐risk population · chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with predicted FEV1 of less than 80%

LABA/LAMA showed no clear difference in severe exacerbations: high‐risk population compared with LAMA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Dual combination therapy versus long‐acting bronchodilators alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.73 [0.45, 1.16]
1 study · 304 participants
Moderate