Nausea and vomiting · children with acute postoperative pain
Diclofenac probably leads to lower nausea, vomiting, or both during study period № of participants: 463… compared with opioids (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Any bleeding during study period № of participants: 100(2 RCTs)d · children with acute postoperative pain
Diclofenac probably leads to higher any bleeding during study period № of participants: 222 (2 RCTs) compared with opioids (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Serious adverse events during the study period · children with acute postoperative pain
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Outcome№ of participants(studies) · children with acute postoperative pain
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Outcomesa · patients with osteoarthritis
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
Pain · patients with osteoarthritis
1 finding from 1 review
Physical function · patients with osteoarthritis
Tramadol alone probably leads to higher physical function compared with other opioids (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Number of participants reporting an adverse event · patients with osteoarthritis
It is very uncertain whether tramadol alone changes number of participants experiencing any adverse event compared with other opioids (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Withdrawals due to adverse events · patients with osteoarthritis
Tramadol alone may leads to higher number of participants who withdrew due to adverse events compared with other opioids (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Number of participants experiencing any serious adverse events · patients with osteoarthritis
It is very uncertain whether tramadol alone changes number of participants experiencing any serious adverse events compared with other opioids (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Outcomesa · patients with osteoarthritis
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
Pain · patients with osteoarthritis
1 finding from 1 review
Physical function · patients with osteoarthritis
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
Number of participants reporting an adverse event · patients with osteoarthritis
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
Withdrawals due to adverse events · patients with osteoarthritis
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
Number of participants experiencing any serious adverse events · patients with osteoarthritis
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
Maternal pain score measured during labour · women in labour
1 finding from 1 review
Satisfaction with pain relief · women in labour
Epidural may leads to higher satisfaction with pain relief ‐ proportion rating excellent or very… compared with opioids (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Instrumental vaginal birth · women in labour
Epidural may leads to higher assisted vaginal birth compared with opioids (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Caesarean section · women in labour
Epidural showed no clear difference in caesarean section compared with opioids (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review