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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

316 questions · 326 findings · 27 reviews · Urology

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No studies found 56 · 17.2%GRADE not reported 17 · 5.2%Very low 52 · 16%Low 115 · 35.3%Moderate 78 · 23.9%High 8 · 2.5%

Serenoa repens in combination with other phytotherapy vs placebo or no intervention

Urologic symptom scores · men with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction

Serenoa repens in combination with other phytotherapy showed no clear difference in urologic symptom scoreMeasured by IPSS scores (range 0 to 35)Higher… compared with placebo or no intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Serenoa repens in combination with other phytotherapy vs placebo or no intervention

Adverse eventsCumulative incidence · men with lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic obstruction

Serenoa repens in combination with other phytotherapy showed no clear difference in adverse eventsCumulative incidence compared with placebo or no intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intravesically administered BCG combined with IFN‐α vs intravesically administered BCG alone

Discontinuation of therapy due to adverse events ‐ not measured · patients with non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Intravesically administered BCG alternating with IFN‐α vs intravesically administered BCG alone

Discontinuation of medication due to adverse events · patients with non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer

Intravesically administered BCG alternating with IFN‐α showed no clear difference in discontinuation of therapy due to adverse events compared with intravesically administered BCG alone (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Immune checkpoint inhibitors vs any first‐line chemotherapy

Time to death from any cause Range of · participants with advanced or metastatic muscle invasive bladder cancer

Immune checkpoint inhibitors showed no clear difference in time to death from any cause Range of compared with any first‐line chemotherapy (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Immune checkpoint inhibitors vs any second‐line chemotherapy

Time to progression · participants with advanced or metastatic muscle invasive bladder cancer

It is very uncertain whether immune checkpoint inhibitors changes time to disease progression Range of compared with any second‐line chemotherapy (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Immune checkpoint inhibitors vs any second‐line chemotherapy

Discontinuation of medication due to adverse events · participants with advanced or metastatic muscle invasive bladder cancer

Immune checkpoint inhibitors may leads to lower discontinuation due to adverse events Range of compared with any second‐line chemotherapy (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Immune checkpoint inhibitors vs any first‐line chemotherapy

Adverse events grade 3 to 5 Range of · participants with advanced or metastatic muscle invasive bladder cancer

Immune checkpoint inhibitors probably leads to lower adverse events grade 3 to 5 Range of compared with any first‐line chemotherapy (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Immune checkpoint inhibitors vs any first‐line chemotherapy

Discontinuation of medication due to adverse events · participants with advanced or metastatic muscle invasive bladder cancer

Immune checkpoint inhibitors showed no clear difference in discontinuation due to adverse events Range of compared with any first‐line chemotherapy (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review