What do systematic reviews say?

Intervention not reported

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes co‐operation during induction ‐ 2 parents vs. 1 parent Poor… (very low certainty).

• Non‐pharmacological interventions for assisting the induction of anaesthesia in children 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.88 [0.61, 5.72]
  1 study · 58 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Non‐pharmacological interventions for assisting the induction of anaesthesia in children 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 192 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes co‐operation during induction ‐ Parental presence vs. midazolam Poor… (very low certainty).

• Non‐pharmacological interventions for assisting the induction of anaesthesia in children 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 12.47 [0.72, 216.2]
  1 study · 62 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes co‐operation during induction ‐ Low sensory stimulation vs. control… (very low certainty).

• Non‐pharmacological interventions for assisting the induction of anaesthesia in children 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.66 [0.45, 0.95]
  1 study · 70 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes co‐operation during induction ‐ Mask introduction/exposure (Mask)… (very low certainty).

• Non‐pharmacological interventions for assisting the induction of anaesthesia in children 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.27 [1.06, 1.51]
  1 study · 102 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Non‐pharmacological interventions for assisting the induction of anaesthesia in children 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 76 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Non‐pharmacological interventions for assisting the induction of anaesthesia in children 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 70 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes anxiety during induction ‐ hypnosis vs. midazolam (Interactive)… (very low certainty).

• Non‐pharmacological interventions for assisting the induction of anaesthesia in children 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.59 [0.33, 1.04]
  1 study · 50 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Non‐pharmacological interventions for assisting the induction of anaesthesia in children 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 67 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention may leads to higher co‐operation during induction ‐ Acupuncture for parents Perfect… (low certainty).

• Non‐pharmacological interventions for assisting the induction of anaesthesia in children 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.59 [1.01, 2.53]
  1 study · 67 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Non‐pharmacological interventions for assisting the induction of anaesthesia in children 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 557 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

The intervention probably leads to higher block success (predicted adequacy of block) (moderate certainty).

• Ultrasound guidance for upper and lower limb blocks 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 2.49 [2.14, 4.04]
  17 studies · 1346 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The intervention probably leads to lower block success (supplementation or conversion to general anaesthesia (moderate certainty).

• Ultrasound guidance for upper and lower limb blocks 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.28 [0.2, 0.39]
  18 studies · 1807 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes paraesthesia (very low certainty).

• Ultrasound guidance for upper and lower limb blocks 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.42 [0.23, 0.76]
  6 studies · 471 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

The intervention may leads to lower vascular puncture (low certainty).

• Ultrasound guidance for upper and lower limb blocks 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.19 [0.07, 0.57]
  5 studies · 387 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Ultrasound guidance for upper and lower limb blocks 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  10 studies · 690 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Ultrasound guidance for upper and lower limb blocks 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 7 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Ultrasound guidance for upper and lower limb blocks 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 7 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in mortality rate Risk ratio (moderate certainty).

• Cooling for cerebral protection during brain surgery 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.87 [0.59, 1.27]
  4 studies · 1216 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in glasgow Outcome Score (GOS) Clinical assessment (moderate certainty).

• Cooling for cerebral protection during brain surgery 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.8 [0.61, 1.04]
  4 studies · 1216 participants
  Moderate