Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

1,773 questions · 1,817 findings · 212 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 383 · 21.1%GRADE not reported 192 · 10.6%Very low 472 · 26%Low 444 · 24.4%Moderate 228 · 12.5%High 98 · 5.4%

Bispectral index vs clinical signs

Time to discharge from the PACU (in minutes) · adults undergoing surgery with general anaesthesia

1 finding from 1 review

Bispectral index for improving intraoperative awareness and early postoperative recovery in adults 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
13 studies · 930 participants
Low

Bispectral index vs ETAG

Occurrence of intraoperative awareness Time points of measure after surgery: 2 to 6 hours;12 hours; 1 day; 2 days; 3 days; 14 days; 30 days; or time point was not reported Measurement tools: simple questioning; interviews; or structured questionna... · adults undergoing surgery with general anaesthesia

BIS showed no clear difference in occurrence of intraoperative awareness Time points of measure after… compared with ETAG (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Bispectral index for improving intraoperative awareness and early postoperative recovery in adults 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
Peto OR 1.13 [0.56, 2.26]
5 studies · 26572 participants
Low

Bispectral index vs ETAG

Time to eye opening · adults undergoing surgery with general anaesthesia

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Bispectral index for improving intraoperative awareness and early postoperative recovery in adults 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Bispectral index vs ETAG

Time to orientation · adults undergoing surgery with general anaesthesia

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Bispectral index for improving intraoperative awareness and early postoperative recovery in adults 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Bispectral index vs ETAG

Time to discharge from the PACU (in minutes) · adults undergoing surgery with general anaesthesia

1 finding from 1 review

Bispectral index for improving intraoperative awareness and early postoperative recovery in adults 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 15452 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Achievement of at least 50% reduction in headache severity Post‐treatment Higher scores indicate more children with reduced headache · children or adolescents with headaches

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes achievement of at least 50% reduction in headache severity… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Psychological therapies (remotely delivered) for the management of chronic and recurrent pain in children and… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.02 [1.35, 3.01]
7 studies · 379 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Achievement of at least 50% reduction in headache severity · children or adolescents with headaches

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes achievement of at least 50% reduction in headache severity (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Psychological therapies (remotely delivered) for the management of chronic and recurrent pain in children and… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.76 [0.88, 3.52]
4 studies · 230 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Disability Post‐treatment Lower scores indicate lower levels of disability · children or adolescents with headaches

1 finding from 1 review

Psychological therapies (remotely delivered) for the management of chronic and recurrent pain in children and… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 440 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Disability · children or adolescents with headaches

1 finding from 1 review

Psychological therapies (remotely delivered) for the management of chronic and recurrent pain in children and… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 341 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Depression Post‐treatment Lower scores indicate lower levels of depression · children or adolescents with headaches

1 finding from 1 review

Psychological therapies (remotely delivered) for the management of chronic and recurrent pain in children and… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 422 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Anxiety Post‐treatment Lower scores indicate lower levels of anxiety · children or adolescents with headaches

1 finding from 1 review

Psychological therapies (remotely delivered) for the management of chronic and recurrent pain in children and… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 380 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Anxiety · children or adolescents with headaches

1 finding from 1 review

Psychological therapies (remotely delivered) for the management of chronic and recurrent pain in children and… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 360 participants
Very low

Ultrasound guidance vs no ultrasound

Failed blocks · children (≤ 18 years of age) undergoing any type of surgical procedure (open or laparoscopic) for which a neuraxial (spinal, epidural,…

Ultrasound guidance showed no clear difference in failed blocks compared with no ultrasound guidance (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

The use of ultrasound guidance for perioperative neuraxial and peripheral nerve blocks in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
22 studies · 1789 participants
Moderate

Ultrasound guidance vs no ultrasound

Pain scores at 1 hour after surgery6 · children (≤ 18 years of age) undergoing any type of surgical procedure (open or laparoscopic) for which a neuraxial (spinal, epidural,…

1 finding from 1 review

The use of ultrasound guidance for perioperative neuraxial and peripheral nerve blocks in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
15 studies · 982 participants
Moderate

Ultrasound guidance vs no ultrasound

Block duration (0 to 1 day) · children (≤ 18 years of age) undergoing any type of surgical procedure (open or laparoscopic) for which a neuraxial (spinal, epidural,…

1 finding from 1 review

The use of ultrasound guidance for perioperative neuraxial and peripheral nerve blocks in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
10 studies · 460 participants
High

Ultrasound guidance vs no ultrasound

Time to perform block · children (≤ 18 years of age) undergoing any type of surgical procedure (open or laparoscopic) for which a neuraxial (spinal, epidural,…

1 finding from 1 review

The use of ultrasound guidance for perioperative neuraxial and peripheral nerve blocks in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
9 studies · 680 participants
Moderate

Ultrasound guidance vs no ultrasound

Number of needle passes · children (≤ 18 years of age) undergoing any type of surgical procedure (open or laparoscopic) for which a neuraxial (spinal, epidural,…

1 finding from 1 review

The use of ultrasound guidance for perioperative neuraxial and peripheral nerve blocks in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 256 participants
Very low

Ultrasound guidance vs no ultrasound

Minor complications (3 to 6 weeks · children (≤ 18 years of age) undergoing any type of surgical procedure (open or laparoscopic) for which a neuraxial (spinal, epidural,…

Ultrasound guidance showed no clear difference in minor complications compared with no ultrasound guidance (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

The use of ultrasound guidance for perioperative neuraxial and peripheral nerve blocks in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
13 studies · 896 participants
Low

Ultrasound guidance vs no ultrasound

Major complications · children (≤ 18 years of age) undergoing any type of surgical procedure (open or laparoscopic) for which a neuraxial (spinal, epidural,…

Ultrasound guidance showed no clear difference in major complications compared with no ultrasound guidance (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

The use of ultrasound guidance for perioperative neuraxial and peripheral nerve blocks in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RD 0
22 studies · 1576 participants
Moderate

EMLA vs placebo

Pain during abdominal entry (NRS; higher = more pain) · women undergoing PPTL under local anaesthesia

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for intra‐operative pain relief during postpartum mini‐laparotomy tubal ligation 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low