Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

1,230 questions · 1,303 findings · 326 reviews · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 73 · 5.6%GRADE not reported 21 · 1.6%Very low 497 · 38.1%Low 403 · 30.9%Moderate 245 · 18.8%High 64 · 4.9%

Lower‐dose methylnaltrexone vs higher dose

Laxation response: patient assessment of change in bowel status at the end of trial · people receiving palliative care irrespective of whether they had cancer with opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction

Methylnaltrexone lower dose showed no clear difference in laxation response: patient assessment of change in bowel statusgat… compared with higher dose (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Lower‐dose methylnaltrexone vs higher dose

Symptoms of opioid withdrawal in the medium term · people receiving palliative care irrespective of whether they had cancer with opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction

Methylnaltrexone lower dose showed no clear difference in symptoms of opioid withdrawal in the medium term compared with higher dose (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Lower‐dose methylnaltrexone vs higher dose

Adverse events · people receiving palliative care irrespective of whether they had cancer with opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction

Methylnaltrexone lower dose showed no clear difference in adverse events compared with higher dose (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Low dose naldemedine vs higher dose

Laxation response: risk of spontaneous rescue‐free bowel movements in the short terma · people with cancer irrespective of whether receiving palliative care and with opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Low dose naldemedine vs higher dose

Laxation response: risk of spontaneous rescue‐free bowel movements in the medium termb · people with cancer irrespective of whether receiving palliative care and with opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction

Low dose naldemedine may leads to lower laxation response: risk of spontaneous rescue‐free bowel movements… compared with higher doses (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Low dose naldemedine vs higher dose

Laxation response: patient assessment of change in bowel status at the end of trial · people with cancer irrespective of whether receiving palliative care and with opioid‐induced bowel dysfunction

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Low vs higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐ I): secondary outcomes

Death (all causes) · primary immunosuppression in kidney transplant recipients

Low showed no clear difference in death (all causes) compared with higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐I): primary outcomes (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Low vs higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐ I): secondary outcomes

Graft loss including death · primary immunosuppression in kidney transplant recipients

Low showed no clear difference in total graft loss (with death) compared with higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐I): primary outcomes (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Low vs higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐ I): secondary outcomes

Biopsy‐proven acute rejection · primary immunosuppression in kidney transplant recipients

Low probably leads to higher biopsy‐proven acute rejection compared with higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐I): primary outcomes (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Low vs higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐ I): secondary outcomes

CMV infection · primary immunosuppression in kidney transplant recipients

Low showed no clear difference in CMV infection compared with higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐I): primary outcomes (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Low vs higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐ I): secondary outcomes

Malignancy · primary immunosuppression in kidney transplant recipients

Low showed no clear difference in all malignancy compared with higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐I): primary outcomes (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Low vs higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐ I): secondary outcomes

Number needing to change treatment · primary immunosuppression in kidney transplant recipients

Low showed no clear difference in number needing to change treatment compared with higher dose target of rapamycin inhibitor (TOR‐I): primary outcomes (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review