What do systematic reviews say?

Hyperbaric bupivacaine vs bupivacaine

Hyperbaric bupivacaine showed no clear difference in headache8 Participant‐reported compared with isobaric bupivacaine (low certainty).

• Hyperbaric versus isobaric bupivacaine for spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.82 [0.47, 6.99]
  3 studies · 234 participants
  Low

Hyperbaric bupivacaine vs bupivacaine

• Hyperbaric versus isobaric bupivacaine for spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 128 participants
  Moderate

Hyperbaric bupivacaine vs bupivacaine

• Hyperbaric versus isobaric bupivacaine for spinal anaesthesia for caesarean section 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 386 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

• Supplemental oxygen for caesarean section during regional anaesthesia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 519 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Supplemental oxygen for caesarean section during regional anaesthesia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 519 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Supplemental oxygen for caesarean section during regional anaesthesia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

• Supplemental oxygen for caesarean section during regional anaesthesia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 241 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Supplemental oxygen for caesarean section during regional anaesthesia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 209 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Supplemental oxygen for caesarean section during regional anaesthesia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  8 studies · 504 participants
  Very low

Intervention not reported

• Supplemental oxygen for caesarean section during regional anaesthesia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  10 studies · 683 participants
  Very low

High initial concentration vs low initial concentration

• High initial concentration versus low initial concentration sevoflurane for inhalational induction of anaesthesia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 443 participants
  Low

High initial concentration vs low initial concentration

High initial concentration showed no clear difference in cough compared with low initial concentration (low certainty).

• High initial concentration versus low initial concentration sevoflurane for inhalational induction of anaesthesia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.23 [0.53, 2.81]
  8 studies · 589 participants
  Low

High initial concentration vs low initial concentration

High initial concentration showed no clear difference in laryngospasm compared with low initial concentration (low certainty).

• High initial concentration versus low initial concentration sevoflurane for inhalational induction of anaesthesia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.59 [0.16, 15.92]
  7 studies · 588 participants
  Low

High initial concentration vs low initial concentration

High initial concentration showed no clear difference in breath holding compared with low initial concentration (low certainty).

• High initial concentration versus low initial concentration sevoflurane for inhalational induction of anaesthesia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.16 [0.47, 2.83]
  5 studies · 389 participants
  Low

High initial concentration vs low initial concentration

High initial concentration may leads to higher apneoa compared with low initial concentration (low certainty).

• High initial concentration versus low initial concentration sevoflurane for inhalational induction of anaesthesia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3.14 [1.72, 5.7]
  2 studies · 160 participants
  Low

High initial concentration vs low initial concentration

High initial concentration showed no clear difference in patient movement compared with low initial concentration (low certainty).

• High initial concentration versus low initial concentration sevoflurane for inhalational induction of anaesthesia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.14 [0.69, 1.89]
  5 studies · 445 participants
  Low

High initial concentration vs low initial concentration

High initial concentration showed no clear difference in bradycardia compared with low initial concentration (low certainty).

• High initial concentration versus low initial concentration sevoflurane for inhalational induction of anaesthesia 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.8 [0.22, 2.88]
  3 studies · 199 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention leads to lower high‐intensity pain with lidocaine admixture Pain scales (high certainty).

• Lidocaine for reducing propofol‐induced pain on induction of anaesthesia in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.19 [0.15, 0.25]
  31 studies · 4927 participants
  High

Intervention not reported

The intervention leads to lower high‐intensity pain with lidocaine pretreatment Pain scales (high certainty).

• Lidocaine for reducing propofol‐induced pain on induction of anaesthesia in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.13 [0.1, 0.18]
  41 studies · 3918 participants
  High

Intervention not reported

The intervention leads to lower incidence of pain with lidocaine admixture Pain scales (high certainty).

• Lidocaine for reducing propofol‐induced pain on induction of anaesthesia in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.19 [0.15, 0.24]
  36 studies · 5628 participants
  High