What do systematic reviews say?

Inhaled corticosteroids vs placebo

• Inhaled corticosteroids versus placebo for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 12502 participants
  Moderate

Inhaled corticosteroids vs placebo

Summary of findings table ‐ ICS showed no clear difference in mortality compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Inhaled corticosteroids versus placebo for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.94 [0.84, 1.07]
  10 studies · 16636 participants
  Moderate

Inhaled corticosteroids vs placebo

Summary of findings table ‐ ICS may leads to higher pneumonia compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Inhaled corticosteroids versus placebo for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.38 [1.02, 1.88]
  9 studies · 14831 participants
  Low

Inhaled corticosteroids vs placebo

Summary of findings table ‐ ICS probably leads to higher oropharyngeal candidiasis compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Inhaled corticosteroids versus placebo for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 2.66 [1.91, 3.68]
  7 studies · 5547 participants
  Moderate

Individual tailored vs continuous tapered dexamethasone regimen

Individual tailored showed no clear difference in death or cerebral palsy at 1 to 3 years compared with continuous tapered dexamethasone regimen (moderate certainty).

• Systemic corticosteroid regimens for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 7.24 [0.95, 55.26]
  1 study · 59 participants
  Moderate

Individual tailored vs continuous tapered dexamethasone regimen

Individual tailored showed no clear difference in death or abnormal neurodevelopmental outcome (various definitions) compared with continuous tapered dexamethasone regimen (low certainty).

• Systemic corticosteroid regimens for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.44 [0.99, 2.07]
  3 studies · 168 participants
  Low

Lower vs higher cumulative dose dexamethasone regimen

Lower showed no clear difference in death or cerebral palsy at 1 to 3 years compared with higher cumulative dose dexamethasone regimen (low certainty).

• Systemic corticosteroid regimens for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.74 [0.94, 3.24]
  4 studies · 193 participants
  Low

Lower vs higher cumulative dose dexamethasone regimen

It is very uncertain whether lower changes death or abnormal neurodevelopmental outcome (various definitions)… compared with higher cumulative dose dexamethasone regimen (very low certainty).

• Systemic corticosteroid regimens for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.86 [0.98, 3.53]
  3 studies · 100 participants
  Very low

Later vs earlier initiation of dexamethasone therapy

Later showed no clear difference in death or cerebral palsy at 1 to 3 years compared with earlier initiation of dexamethasone therapy (low certainty).

• Systemic corticosteroid regimens for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.12 [0.68, 1.84]
  1 study · 86 participants
  Low

Later vs earlier initiation of dexamethasone therapy

Later showed no clear difference in death or abnormal neurodevelopmental outcome (various definitions) compared with earlier initiation of dexamethasone therapy (low certainty).

• Systemic corticosteroid regimens for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.87 [0.63, 1.21]
  2 studies · 167 participants
  Low

Oral direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) vs conventional anticoagulation

Oral direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) showed no clear difference in recurrent PEa compared with conventional anticoagulation (moderate certainty).

• Oral direct thrombin inhibitors or oral factor Xa inhibitors versus conventional anticoagulants for the treatment of… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.02 [0.5, 2.04]
  1 study · 1602 participants
  Moderate

Oral factor Xa inhibitors vs conventional anticoagulation

Oral factor Xa inhibitors showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with conventional anticoagulation (moderate certainty).

• Oral direct thrombin inhibitors or oral factor Xa inhibitors versus conventional anticoagulants for the treatment of… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.16 [0.79, 1.7]
  1 study · 4817 participants
  Moderate

Oral factor Xa inhibitors vs conventional anticoagulation

Oral factor Xa inhibitors showed no clear difference in major bleedinge compared with conventional anticoagulation (low certainty).

• Oral direct thrombin inhibitors or oral factor Xa inhibitors versus conventional anticoagulants for the treatment of… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.71 [0.36, 1.41]
  8 studies · 11447 participants
  Low

Oral factor Xa inhibitors vs conventional anticoagulation

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Oral direct thrombin inhibitors or oral factor Xa inhibitors versus conventional anticoagulants for the treatment of… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Oral direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) vs conventional anticoagulation

Oral direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) showed no clear difference in recurrent VTEc compared with conventional anticoagulation (moderate certainty).

• Oral direct thrombin inhibitors or oral factor Xa inhibitors versus conventional anticoagulants for the treatment of… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.93 [0.52, 1.66]
  1 study · 1602 participants
  Moderate

Oral direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) vs conventional anticoagulation

Oral direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) showed no clear difference in DVTd compared with conventional anticoagulation (moderate certainty).

• Oral direct thrombin inhibitors or oral factor Xa inhibitors versus conventional anticoagulants for the treatment of… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.79 [0.29, 2.13]
  1 study · 1602 participants
  Moderate

Oral direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) vs conventional anticoagulation

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Oral direct thrombin inhibitors or oral factor Xa inhibitors versus conventional anticoagulants for the treatment of… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Oral direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) vs conventional anticoagulation

Oral direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) showed no clear difference in major bleedinge compared with conventional anticoagulation (moderate certainty).

• Oral direct thrombin inhibitors or oral factor Xa inhibitors versus conventional anticoagulants for the treatment of… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.5 [0.15, 1.68]
  1 study · 1527 participants
  Moderate

Oral direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) vs conventional anticoagulation

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Oral direct thrombin inhibitors or oral factor Xa inhibitors versus conventional anticoagulants for the treatment of… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Oral factor Xa inhibitors vs conventional anticoagulation

Oral factor Xa inhibitors showed no clear difference in recurrent PEa compared with conventional anticoagulation (moderate certainty).

• Oral direct thrombin inhibitors or oral factor Xa inhibitors versus conventional anticoagulants for the treatment of… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.92 [0.66, 1.29]
  3 studies · 8186 participants
  Moderate