Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

3,092 questions · 3,199 findings · 339 reviews · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 714 · 22.3%GRADE not reported 181 · 5.7%Very low 695 · 21.7%Low 908 · 28.4%Moderate 568 · 17.8%High 133 · 4.2%

Multinutrient supplements (oral) vs control

Participants with complications (e.g. pressure sore, chest infection) at end of study · Older people undergoing hip fracture aftercare

Multinutrient supplements (oral) may leads to lower participants with complications (e.g. pressure sore, chest… compared with control (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Multinutrient supplements (oral) vs control

Disability (unfavourable outcomes: death, vegetative state, severe disability; GOS 1‐3) at end of scheduled · Older people undergoing hip fracture aftercare

It is very uncertain whether multinutrient supplements (oral) changes unfavourable outcome 7 by end of study compared with control (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Multinutrient supplements (oral) vs control

Putative side effects of treatment (e.g. vomiting and diarrhoea) · Older people undergoing hip fracture aftercare

It is very uncertain whether multinutrient supplements (oral) changes putative side effects of treatment (e.g. vomiting and diarrhoea) compared with control (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids vs steroids or placebo or both, or no treatment

Death at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids showed no clear difference in death at final compared with placebo/no treatment/steroids (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids vs steroids or placebo or both, or no treatment

End‐stage renal disease · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids probably leads to lower end‐stage kidney disease at final compared with placebo/no treatment/steroids (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids vs steroids or placebo or both, or no treatment

Total remission (complete or partial) at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids probably leads to higher total remission (complete or partial) at final compared with placebo/no treatment/steroids (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids vs steroids or placebo or both, or no treatment

Complete remission · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids probably leads to higher complete remission at final compared with placebo/no treatment/steroids (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids vs steroids or placebo or both, or no treatment

Relapse · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

It is very uncertain whether oral alkylating agents ± steroids changes recurrence of disease (relapse) at final compared with placebo/no treatment/steroids (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids vs steroids or placebo or both, or no treatment

100% increase in SCr at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids showed no clear difference in 100% increase in serum creatinine at final compared with placebo/no treatment/steroids (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids vs steroids or placebo or both, or no treatment

Adverse events ‐ temporary or permanent discontinuation/hospitalisation at final · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids may leads to higher adverse events ‐ temporary/permanent discontinuation or… compared with placebo/no treatment/steroids (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral alkylating agents ± steroids vs steroids or placebo or both, or no treatment

Adverse events ‐ infection at 3 years · primary membranous nephropathy in adults with nephrotic syndrome

It is very uncertain whether oral alkylating agents ± steroids changes adverse events ‐ infection at 3 years compared with placebo/no treatment/steroids (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review