What do systematic reviews say?

Endoscopic injection treatment vs antibiotics alone

It is very uncertain whether endoscopic injection treatment changes repeat positive urine culture by 1 year compared with antibiotics alone (very low certainty).

• Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 7.15 [0.42, 121.04]
  1 study · 60 participants
  Very low

Endoscopic injection treatment vs antibiotics alone

It is very uncertain whether endoscopic injection treatment changes microbial resistance to the prophylactic drug compared with antibiotics alone (very low certainty).

• Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.63 [0.34, 1.15]
  1 study · 24 participants
  Very low

Probiotics vs antibiotic prophylaxis

Probiotics showed no clear difference in all symptomatic UTI by 1 year compared with antibiotic prophylaxis (low certainty).

• Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.82 [0.56, 1.21]
  2 studies · 248 participants
  Low

Probiotics vs antibiotic prophylaxis

Probiotics showed no clear difference in febrile UTI by 1 year compared with antibiotic prophylaxis (low certainty).

• Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.82 [0.37, 1.83]
  1 study · 120 participants
  Low

Probiotics vs antibiotic prophylaxis

Probiotics may leads to lower E. coli resistance to prophylactic drug compared with antibiotic prophylaxis (low certainty).

• Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.38 [0.21, 0.69]
  2 studies · 38 participants
  Low

Probiotics vs antibiotic prophylaxis

Probiotics showed no clear difference in renal parenchymal defects on DMSA scan ‐ Patient data at 1 year compared with antibiotic prophylaxis (low certainty).

• Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.69 [0.43, 1.11]
  2 studies · 152 participants
  Low

Probiotics vs antibiotic prophylaxis

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Probiotics vs antibiotic prophylaxis

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Summary of findings: cycled vs culture‐based antibiotic therapy

Summary of findings: cycled probably leads to higher time to next isolation of PA compared with culture‐based antibiotic therapy (moderate certainty).

• Treatments for preventing recurrence of infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in people with cystic fibrosis 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 2.04 [1.28, 3.26]
  1 study · 253 participants
  Moderate

Summary of findings: cycled vs culture‐based antibiotic therapy

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Treatments for preventing recurrence of infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in people with cystic fibrosis 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Summary of findings: cycled vs culture‐based antibiotic therapy

• Treatments for preventing recurrence of infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in people with cystic fibrosis 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 131 participants
  Very low

Summary of findings: cycled vs culture‐based antibiotic therapy

• Treatments for preventing recurrence of infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in people with cystic fibrosis 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 253 participants
  Moderate

Summary of findings: cycled vs culture‐based antibiotic therapy

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Treatments for preventing recurrence of infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in people with cystic fibrosis 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Summary of findings: cycled vs culture‐based antibiotic therapy

Summary of findings: cycled showed no clear difference in adverse events: severe adverse events (total) compared with culture‐based antibiotic therapy (moderate certainty).

• Treatments for preventing recurrence of infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in people with cystic fibrosis 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.65 [0.39, 1.11]
  1 study · 253 participants
  Moderate

Summary of findings: cycled vs culture‐based antibiotic therapy

Summary of findings: cycled showed no clear difference in emergence of novel bacteria: isolation of novel gram negative… compared with culture‐based antibiotic therapy (moderate certainty).

• Treatments for preventing recurrence of infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa in people with cystic fibrosis 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1 [0.67, 1.5]
  1 study · 253 participants
  Moderate

Antimicrobial vs placebo or no antibiotic

Antimicrobial showed no clear difference in systemic UTI compared with placebo or no antibiotics (low certainty).

• Antimicrobial agents for preventing urinary tract infections in adults undergoing cystoscopy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.12 [0.38, 3.32]
  5 studies · 504 participants
  Low

Antimicrobial vs placebo or no antibiotic

Antimicrobial may leads to lower symptomatic UTI compared with placebo or no antibiotics (low certainty).

• Antimicrobial agents for preventing urinary tract infections in adults undergoing cystoscopy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.49 [0.28, 0.86]
  11 studies · 5441 participants
  Low

Antimicrobial vs placebo or no antibiotic

It is very uncertain whether antimicrobial changes serious adverse events compared with placebo or no antibiotics (very low certainty).

• Antimicrobial agents for preventing urinary tract infections in adults undergoing cystoscopy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 630 participants
  Very low

Antimicrobial vs placebo or no antibiotic

Antimicrobial showed no clear difference in minor adverse events compared with placebo or no antibiotics (low certainty).

• Antimicrobial agents for preventing urinary tract infections in adults undergoing cystoscopy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.82 [0.54, 14.8]
  4 studies · 630 participants
  Low

Antimicrobial vs placebo or no antibiotic

It is very uncertain whether antimicrobial changes localized UTI compared with placebo or no antibiotics (very low certainty).

• Antimicrobial agents for preventing urinary tract infections in adults undergoing cystoscopy 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1 [0.06, 15.77]
  1 study · 200 participants
  Very low