Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

1,062 questions · 1,113 findings · 171 reviews · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 161 · 14.5%GRADE not reported 41 · 3.7%Very low 269 · 24.2%Low 321 · 28.8%Moderate 252 · 22.6%High 69 · 6.2%

Double vs single‐injection technique

Primary anaesthesia failure (incomplete sensory block) · Adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery

Double leads to lower primary anaesthesia failure (incomplete sensory block) compared with single‐injection technique (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Double vs single‐injection technique

Secondary analgesia failure: Intraoperative sedation required · Adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery

Double showed no clear difference in secondary analgesia failure ‐ intraoperative sedation required compared with single‐injection technique (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Double vs single‐injection technique

Secondary analgesia failure : Tourniquet pain · Adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery

Double showed no clear difference in secondary analgesia failure ‐ tourniquet pain compared with single‐injection technique (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Failure to achieve peak levels of at least 5 microgram/ml (measured 0.5 to one hour after administration of any dose of gentamicin) · neonates with suspected or proven sepsis

The intervention probably leads to lower failure to achieve peak levels of at least 5 microgram/ml (measured… (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review