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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,589 questions in 168 reviews · Schizophrenia
current versionsNo studies 601 · 23.2%Ungraded 446 · 17.2%Very low 721 · 27.8%Low 505 · 19.5%Moderate 274 · 10.6%High 42 · 1.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Summary of findings 4. AWARENESS OF INTERCESSORY PRAYER vs INTERCESSORY PRAYER Clinical state: 2. Significant complications (readmission to CCU) · patients with scheduled to receive non‐emergency CABG Intercessory prayer for the alleviation of ill health (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.67, 1.36] | 1 study · 1205 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings 1. INTERCESSORY PRAYER (CONTEMPORANEOUS ) vs STANDARD CARE Clinical state: 1. Improved/not improved: intermediate or bad outcome · patients with various illnesses Intercessory prayer for the alleviation of ill health (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.86, 1.11] | 5 studies · 2705 participants | Low |
Summary of findings 1. INTERCESSORY PRAYER (CONTEMPORANEOUS ) vs STANDARD CARE Clinical state: 2. Significant complications (readmission to CCU) · patients with various illnesses Intercessory prayer for the alleviation of ill health (2009) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.77, 1.3] | 4 studies · 2644 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings 1. INTERCESSORY PRAYER (CONTEMPORANEOUS ) vs STANDARD CARE Leaving the study early · patients with various illnesses Intercessory prayer for the alleviation of ill health (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.43, 1.31] | 6 studies · 3446 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings 2. INTERCESSORY PRAYER (RETROSPECTIVE) vs STANDARD CARE Death by end of trial · patients with blood stream infections Intercessory prayer for the alleviation of ill health (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.84, 1.03] | 1 study · 3393 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings 3. AWARENESS OF INTERCESSORY PRAYER vs STANDARD CARE Death by end of trial · patients with scheduled to receive non‐emergency CABG Intercessory prayer for the alleviation of ill health (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.44, 1.95] | 1 study · 1198 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings 3. AWARENESS OF INTERCESSORY PRAYER vs STANDARD CARE Clinical state: 1. Improved/not improved: intermediate or bad outcome · patients with scheduled to receive non‐emergency CABG Intercessory prayer for the alleviation of ill health (2009) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.79, 1.4] | 1 study · 1198 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings 3. AWARENESS OF INTERCESSORY PRAYER vs STANDARD CARE Clinical state: 2. Significant complications (readmission to CCU) · patients with scheduled to receive non‐emergency CABG Intercessory prayer for the alleviation of ill health (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.64, 1.29] | 1 study · 1198 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings 4. AWARENESS OF INTERCESSORY PRAYER vs INTERCESSORY PRAYER Death by end of trial · patients with scheduled to receive non‐emergency CABG Intercessory prayer for the alleviation of ill health (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.4, 1.68] | 1 study · 1205 participants | Moderate |
DAY HOSPITAL vs OUT‐PATIENT CARE Service use: 1a. Admitted to hospital during study ‐ by 6 months · patients with people with schizophrenia near or on discharge Day hospital versus outpatient care for people with schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.58 [0.26, 1.33] | 2 studies · 110 participants | Moderate |
DAY HOSPITAL vs OUT‐PATIENT CARE Service use: 1b. Admitted to hospital during study ‐ by/at 12 months · patients with people with schizophrenia near or on discharge Day hospital versus outpatient care for people with schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.54, 1] | 2 studies · 242 participants | Low |
DAY HOSPITAL vs OUT‐PATIENT CARE Service use: 1c. Admitted to hospital during study ‐ beyond 12 months · patients with people with schizophrenia near or on discharge Day hospital versus outpatient care for people with schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.56, 0.89] | 2 studies · 242 participants | Moderate |
DAY HOSPITAL vs OUT‐PATIENT CARE Global state: 1a. Number lost to · patients with people with schizophrenia near or on discharge Day hospital versus outpatient care for people with schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.48, 1.95] | 3 studies · 147 participants | Moderate |
DAY HOSPITAL vs OUT‐PATIENT CARE Global state: 1b. Number lost to · patients with people with schizophrenia near or on discharge Day hospital versus outpatient care for people with schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.48, 1.95] | 2 studies · 117 participants | Low |
DAY HOSPITAL vs OUT‐PATIENT CARE Social functioning: 2a. Unemployed ‐ by 6 months · patients with people with schizophrenia near or on discharge Day hospital versus outpatient care for people with schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.04 [0, 0.62] | 1 study · 30 participants | Low |
DAY HOSPITAL vs OUT‐PATIENT CARE Social functioning: 2b. Unemployed ‐ beyond 12 months · patients with people with schizophrenia near or on discharge Day hospital versus outpatient care for people with schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.69, 1.06] | 1 study · 80 participants | Moderate |
ULTRA LOW DOSE (<2 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Leaving the study early: Any reason ‐ when compared with standard‐low dose (greater than or equal to 4‐<6 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 1.3 [0.93, 1.83] | 2 studies · 461 participants | Moderate |
LOW DOSE (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Leaving the study early: any reason ‐ when compared with high dose ( greater than or equal to 10 mg) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 2.33 [1.4, 3.86] | 1 study · 70 participants | Moderate |
LOW DOSE (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Global state: No clinically important improvement ‐ global evaluation ‐ when compared with standard‐higher dose (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 1.32 [1.06, 1.64] | 2 studies · 172 participants | Moderate |
LOW DOSE (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Global state: No clinically important improvement ‐ global evaluation ‐ when compared with high dose (greater than or equal to 10 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 1.07 [0.92, 1.25] | 2 studies · 257 participants | Moderate |
LOW DOSE (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Adverse effects: 5a. Movement disorders ‐ specific symptoms ‐ EPS: unspecified ‐ versus standard‐lower dose (greater than or equal to 4‐<6 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.44 [0.32, 0.6] | 1 study · 124 participants | Moderate |
LOW DOSE (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Adverse effects: 5a. Movement disorders ‐ specific symptoms ‐ EPS: unspecified ‐ versus standard‐higher dose (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.37, 1.75] | 2 studies · 173 participants | Moderate |
LOW DOSE (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Adverse effects: 5a. Movement disorders ‐ specific symptoms ‐ EPS: unspecified ‐ versus high dose ( greater than or equal to 10 mg) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.45 [0.24, 0.84] | 2 studies · 262 participants | Moderate |
STANDARD‐LOWER DOSE (greater than or equal to 4‐<6 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Leaving the study early: Any reasons ‐ when compared with ultra low dose (<2 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.77 [0.55, 1.08] | 2 studies · 461 participants | Moderate |
STANDARD‐LOWER DOSE (greater than or equal to 4‐<6 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Leaving the study early: Any reasons ‐ when compared with standard‐higher dose (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.58, 1.06] | 2 studies · 496 participants | Moderate |
STANDARD‐LOWER DOSE (greater than or equal to 4‐<6 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Leaving the study early: Any reasons ‐ When compared with high dose ( greater than or equal to 10 mg) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.74 [0.54, 1] | 1 study · 677 participants | Moderate |
STANDARD‐LOWER DOSE (greater than or equal to 4‐<6 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Global state: No clinically important improvement ‐ global evaluation ‐ when compared with standard‐higher dose (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.74 [0.34, 1.58] | 1 study · 39 participants | Moderate |
ULTRA LOW DOSE (<2 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Leaving the study early: Any reason ‐ when compared with standard‐higher dose (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.76, 1.43] | 1 study · 459 participants | Moderate |
STANDARD‐LOWER DOSE (greater than or equal to 4‐<6 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Mental state: No clinically important improvement ‐ PANSS ‐ when compared with ultra low dose (<2 mg) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.64, 1.01] | 1 study · 456 participants | Moderate |
STANDARD‐LOWER DOSE (greater than or equal to 4‐<6 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Mental state: No clinically important improvement ‐ PANSS ‐ when compared with low dose (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.44, 2.03] | 2 studies · 206 participants | Moderate |
STANDARD‐LOWER DOSE (greater than or equal to 4‐<6 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Mental state: No clinically important improvement ‐ PANSS ‐ when compared with standard‐higher dose (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.83, 1.36] | 1 study · 457 participants | Moderate |
STANDARD‐LOWER DOSE (greater than or equal to 4‐<6 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Mental state: No clinically important improvement ‐ PANSS ‐ when compared with high dose ( greater than or equal to 10 mg) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.74, 1.11] | 1 study · 677 participants | Moderate |
STANDARD‐LOWER DOSE (greater than or equal to 4‐<6 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Adverse effects: 6. Movement disorders ‐ specific symptoms ‐ dystonia ‐ versus low dose (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 7.43 [1.07, 51.54] | 1 study · 27 participants | Moderate |
STANDARD‐LOWER DOSE (greater than or equal to 4‐<6 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Adverse effects: 6. Movement disorders ‐ specific symptoms ‐ EPS: unspecified ‐ versus low dose (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 2.28 [1.67, 3.11] | 1 study · 124 participants | Moderate |
STANDARD‐LOWER DOSE (greater than or equal to 4‐<6 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Adverse effects: 6. Movement disorders ‐ specific symptoms ‐ tremor ‐ versus low dose (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 4.18 [1.1, 15.85] | 1 study · 27 participants | Moderate |
STANDARD‐HIGHER DOSE (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Leaving the study early: insufficient response ‐ When compared with ultra low dose (<2 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.37, 0.96] | 2 studies · 459 participants | Moderate |
STANDARD‐HIGHER DOSE (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Leaving the study early: insufficient response ‐ When compared with low dose (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.29 [0.17, 0.52] | 2 studies · 173 participants | Moderate |
STANDARD‐HIGHER DOSE (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Leaving the study early: insufficient response ‐ When compared with standard‐lower dose (greater than or equal to 4‐<6 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 1.38 [0.81, 2.34] | 2 studies · 496 participants | Moderate |
ULTRA LOW DOSE (<2 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Leaving the study early: Any reason ‐ when compared with high dose (greater than or equal to 10 mg) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.72, 1.23] | 1 study · 679 participants | Moderate |
STANDARD‐HIGHER DOSE (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Leaving the study early: insufficient response ‐ When compared with high dose (greater than or equal to 10 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.53, 1.08] | 2 studies · 941 participants | Moderate |
STANDARD‐HIGHER DOSE (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Global state: 1. No clinically important improvement ‐ CGI‐I ‐ when compared with low dose (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.54 [0.38, 0.77] | 2 studies · 172 participants | Moderate |
STANDARD‐HIGHER DOSE (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Global state: 1. No clinically important improvement ‐ CGI‐I ‐ when compared with standard‐lower dose (greater than or equal to 4‐<6 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 1.26 [0.46, 3.46] | 1 study · 39 participants | Moderate |
STANDARD‐HIGHER DOSE (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Global state: 1. No clinically important improvement ‐ CGI‐I ‐ when compared with high dose (greater than or equal to 10 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.59, 1.22] | 2 studies · 255 participants | Moderate |
STANDARD‐HIGHER DOSE (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Mental state: 1. No clinically important improvement ‐ PANSS ‐ when compared with ultra low dose (<2 mg) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.76 [0.6, 0.95] | 1 study · 459 participants | Moderate |
STANDARD‐HIGHER DOSE (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Mental state: 1. No clinically important improvement ‐ PANSS ‐ when compared with low dose (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.66 [0.49, 0.9] | 3 studies · 196 participants | Moderate |
STANDARD‐HIGHER DOSE (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Mental state: 1. No clinically important improvement ‐ PANSS ‐ when compared with standard‐lower dose (greater than or equal to 4‐<6 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.73, 1.2] | 1 study · 457 participants | Moderate |
STANDARD‐HIGHER DOSE (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Mental state: 1. No clinically important improvement ‐ PANSS ‐ when compared with high dose (greater than or equal to 10 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.68, 0.96] | 3 studies · 941 participants | Moderate |
STANDARD‐HIGHER DOSE (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Adverse effects: EPS: unspecified ‐ Versus low dose (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 1.24 [0.57, 2.69] | 2 studies · 173 participants | Moderate |
STANDARD‐HIGHER DOSE (greater than or equal to 6‐<10 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Adverse effects: EPS: unspecified ‐ Versus standard‐lower dose (greater than or equal to 4‐<6 mg/day) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 2.46 [0.74, 8.14] | 1 study · 39 participants | Moderate |
ULTRA LOW DOSE (<2 mg/day) vs ANY DOSE ‐ short term Mental state: 1. No clinically important improvement ‐ as measured by PANSS ‐ when compared with low dose (greater than or equal to 2‐<4 mg) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone dose for schizophrenia (2009) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.29, 2.54] | 1 study · 67 participants | Moderate |