Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

2,973 questions · 3,072 findings · 410 reviews · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 559 · 18.2%GRADE not reported 143 · 4.7%Very low 654 · 21.3%Low 833 · 27.1%Moderate 683 · 22.2%High 200 · 6.5%

iron‐fortified wheat flour with or without other micronutrients added vs fortified wheat flour with same micronutrients (but not iron)

Infection or inflammation at individual level as measured by C‐reactive protein (CRP) (only in children 2 to 11 years of age) · general population of all age groups (including pregnant women) from any country, over two years of age
1 finding from 1 review

Wheat flour fortified with iron in combination with other micronutrients vs unfortified wheat flour (no micronutrients added)

Anaemia · general population of all age groups (including pregnant women) from any country, over two years of age

It is very uncertain whether iron‐fortified wheat flour with other micronutrients added changes anaemia (defined as haemoglobin below WHO cut‐off for age and… compared with unfortified wheat flour (no micronutrients added) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Wheat flour fortified with iron in combination with other micronutrients vs unfortified wheat flour (no micronutrients added)

Iron deficiency (as defined by study authors, based on a biomarker of iron status) · general population of all age groups (including pregnant women) from any country, over two years of age

Iron‐fortified wheat flour with other micronutrients added probably leads to lower iron deficiency (as defined by study authors, based on a biomarker… compared with unfortified wheat flour (no micronutrients added) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Remote monitoring plus usual care vs usual care

Mortality (all‐cause) · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

It is very uncertain whether remote monitoring plus usual care changes mortality (all‐cause) compared with usual care (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review