What do systematic reviews say?

Visual screening (oral visual inspection) by trained health workers vs No screening

Visual screening (oral visual inspection) by trained health workers led to lower stage at diagnosis (early-stage detection) compared with no screening; GRADE not reported.

• Screening programmes for the early detection and prevention of oral cancer 2013 · Cochrane All outcomes

  15-year follow-up
  RR 0.81 [0.70, 0.93]
  1 study · 523 participants
  GRADE not reported
• Screening programmes for the early detection and prevention of oral cancer 2013 · Cochrane All outcomes

  15-year follow-up · High-risk individuals (tobacco and/or alcohol users)
  RR 0.82 [0.71, 0.95]
  1 study · 486 participants
  GRADE not reported

Visual screening (oral visual inspection) by trained health workers vs No screening

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Screening programmes for the early detection and prevention of oral cancer 2013 · Cochrane All outcomes

  15-year follow-up
  Data on quality of life were not reported.
  0 studies
  No studies found

Visual screening (oral visual inspection) by trained health workers vs No screening

• Screening programmes for the early detection and prevention of oral cancer 2013 · Cochrane All outcomes

  15-year follow-up
  Across the four cycles (15 years), the reported sensitivity of the visual examination in detecting oral cancer was 67.4% (188/279). No information on the specificity or the positive predictive value of the programme…
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Visual screening (oral visual inspection) by trained health workers vs No screening

• Screening programmes for the early detection and prevention of oral cancer 2013 · Cochrane All outcomes

  5-year survival
  A significantly higher five-year survival rate was reported in the screened group (55.5%) compared to the control (43.4%) (P value = 0.003).
  1 study · 523 participants
  GRADE not reported

Oral creatine vs placebo

• Drug treatment for spinal muscular atrophy types II and III 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 40 participants
  Moderate

Oral creatine vs placebo

• Drug treatment for spinal muscular atrophy types II and III 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 22 participants
  Low

Oral creatine vs placebo

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Drug treatment for spinal muscular atrophy types II and III 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Oral creatine vs placebo

• Drug treatment for spinal muscular atrophy types II and III 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 38 participants
  Low

Oral creatine vs placebo

• Drug treatment for spinal muscular atrophy types II and III 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 23 participants
  Low

Oral creatine vs placebo

• Drug treatment for spinal muscular atrophy types II and III 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 40 participants
  Moderate

Oral creatine vs placebo

• Drug treatment for spinal muscular atrophy types II and III 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 40 participants
  Low

Oral diazepam vs placebo or no intervention

It is very uncertain whether oral diazepam changes behaviour (Houpt/behavioural score) compared with placebo (including no intervention) (very low certainty).

• Sedation of children undergoing dental treatment 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
  SMD 0.62 [-0.28, 1.53]
  1 study · 20 participants
  Very low

Toothbrushing (with or without antiseptics), as part of oral hygiene care vs No toothbrushing (with or without antiseptics)

Toothbrushing (with or without antiseptics), as part of oral hygiene… showed no clear difference in mortality compared with no toothbrushing (with or without antiseptics) (low certainty).

• Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator‐associated pneumonia 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Follow-up: mean 1 month
  RR 0.84 [0.67, 1.05]
  5 studies · 910 participants
  Low

Toothbrushing (with or without antiseptics), as part of oral hygiene care vs No toothbrushing (with or without antiseptics)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator‐associated pneumonia 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes
  This outcome was not reported by any of the studies in this comparison.
  0 studies
  No studies found

Toothbrushing (with or without antiseptics), as part of oral hygiene care vs No toothbrushing (with or without antiseptics)

Toothbrushing (with or without antiseptics), as part of oral hygiene… may leads to lower incidence of VAP compared with no toothbrushing (with or without antiseptics) (low certainty).

• Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator‐associated pneumonia 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Follow-up: mean 1 month
  RR 0.61 [0.41, 0.91]
  5 studies · 910 participants
  Low

Toothbrushing (with or without antiseptics), as part of oral hygiene care vs No toothbrushing (with or without antiseptics)

Toothbrushing (with or without antiseptics), as part of oral hygiene… showed no clear difference in duration of mechanical ventilation compared with no toothbrushing (with or without antiseptics) (low certainty).

• Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator‐associated pneumonia 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Follow-up: mean 1 month
  MD -0.43 [-1.17, 0.30]
  4 studies · 810 participants
  Low

Toothbrushing (with or without antiseptics), as part of oral hygiene care vs No toothbrushing (with or without antiseptics)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator‐associated pneumonia 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes
  The outcome of cost was not reported by any study in this comparison.
  0 studies
  No studies found

Toothbrushing (with or without antiseptics), as part of oral hygiene care vs No toothbrushing (with or without antiseptics)

• Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator‐associated pneumonia 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Adverse effects: information from two studies, which stated that there were none; very low certainty. There is a lack of evidence about adverse effects.
  2 studies
  Very low

Toothbrushing (with or without antiseptics), as part of oral hygiene care vs No toothbrushing (with or without antiseptics)

It is very uncertain whether toothbrushing (with or without antiseptics), as part of oral hygiene… changes duration of ICU stay compared with no toothbrushing (with or without antiseptics) (very low certainty).

• Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator‐associated pneumonia 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Follow-up: mean 1 month
  MD -1.89 [-3.52, -0.27]
  3 studies · 749 participants
  Very low

Summary of findings table ‐ Combined mechanical and oral antibiotic bowel preparation vs mechanical bowel preparation alone

Summary of findings table ‐ Combined mechanical and oral antibiotic… probably leads to lower SSI compared with mechanical bowel preparation alone (moderate certainty).

• Preoperative combined mechanical and oral antibiotic bowel preparation for preventing complications in elective… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.56 [0.42, 0.74]
  16 studies · 3917 participants
  Moderate