Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

1,062 questions · 1,113 findings · 171 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 161 · 14.5%GRADE not reported 41 · 3.7%Very low 269 · 24.2%Low 321 · 28.8%Moderate 252 · 22.6%High 69 · 6.2%

Hypnosis vs relaxation control

Reduction in pain interference · chronic pain in MS

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 22 participants
Very low

Hypnosis vs relaxation control

BPI: Brief Pain Inventory · chronic pain in MS

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

TENS vs sham

Reduction in disability · chronic back pain in MS

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 90 participants
Very low

Neurofeedback vs relaxation control

Reduction in pain intensity · chronic pain in MS

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 20 participants
Very low

Neurofeedback vs relaxation control

Reduction in fatigue · chronic pain in MS

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 20 participants
Very low

Neurofeedback vs relaxation control

Reduction in pain interference · chronic pain in MS

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 20 participants
Very low

Reflexology vs sham

Reduction in pain · chronic pain in MS

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 110 participants
Very low

Reflexology vs sham

Reduction in disability · chronic pain in MS

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 71 participants
Very low

Reflexology vs sham

Improvement in quality of life · chronic pain in MS

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 71 participants
Very low

Reflexology vs sham

Reduction in fatigue · chronic pain in MS

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 71 participants
Very low

Reflexology vs sham

Reduction in depression · chronic pain in MS

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 71 participants
Very low

Reflexology vs sham

Reduction in Spasms · chronic pain in MS

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 71 participants
Very low

TENS vs sham

Quality of life · chronic back pain in MS

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 90 participants
Very low

Ai Chi Exercises vs sham

Reduction in pain intensity · chronic musculoskeletal pain in people with MS

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 73 participants
Very low

Ai Chi Exercises vs sham

Reduction in disability · chronic musculoskeletal pain in people with MS

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 73 participants
Very low

Ai Chi Exercises vs sham

Quality of life · chronic musculoskeletal pain in people with MS

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 73 participants
Very low

Ai Chi Exercises vs sham

Reduction in fatigue · chronic musculoskeletal pain in people with MS

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 73 participants
Very low

tDCS vs sham

Reduction in pain intensity · chronic neuropathic pain in MS

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 35 participants
Very low

tDCS vs sham

Reduction in fatigue · chronic neuropathic pain in MS

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 16 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Disability‐worsening Proportion of participants with disability‐worsening at a maximum of five years'

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes disability‐worsening Proportion of participants with… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Treatment with disease‐modifying drugs for people with a first clinical attack suggestive of multiple sclerosis 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.88 [0.5, 1.57]
Studies not reported
Very low