Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

1,377 questions · 1,433 findings · 149 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 326 · 22.7%GRADE not reported 87 · 6.1%Very low 440 · 30.7%Low 364 · 25.4%Moderate 190 · 13.3%High 26 · 1.8%

Biofeedback vs relaxation training

Clinical improvement · people with irritable bowel syndrome

1 finding from 1 review

Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 10 participants
Very low

Biofeedback vs relaxation training

QoL · people with irritable bowel syndrome

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Biofeedback vs relaxation training

Adverse events (AE) · people with irritable bowel syndrome

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Biofeedback vs relaxation training

SAEs · people with irritable bowel syndrome

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Biofeedback vs relaxation training

Frequency of defecation (mean number of bowel movements per week) · people with irritable bowel syndrome

1 finding from 1 review

Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 10 participants
Very low

Biofeedback vs relaxation training

Abdominal pain · people with irritable bowel syndrome

1 finding from 1 review

Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 10 participants
Very low

Biofeedback vs relaxation training

Depression · people with irritable bowel syndrome

1 finding from 1 review

Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 10 participants
Very low

Biofeedback vs relaxation training

Anxiety · people with irritable bowel syndrome

1 finding from 1 review

Biofeedback for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 10 participants
Very low

Electrical stimulation vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT)

Cure: number of women with self‐reported continence · women with stress urinary incontinence

Electrical stimulation showed no clear difference in cure: number of women with self‐reported continence compared with pelvic floor muscle training (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.51 [0.16, 1.63]
4 studies · 143 participants
Low

Electrical stimulation vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT)

Improvement: number of women with self‐reported improvement in SUI (cured or improved) · women with stress urinary incontinence

Electrical stimulation showed no clear difference in improvement: number of women with self‐reported improvement in SUI… compared with pelvic floor muscle training (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.85 [0.7, 1.03]
7 studies · 244 participants
Low

Electrical stimulation vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT)

Incontinence‐specific quality of life · women with stress urinary incontinence

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 93 participants
Low

Electrical stimulation vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT)

Adverse effects · women with stress urinary incontinence

Electrical stimulation showed no clear difference in adverse effects compared with pelvic floor muscle training (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 5 [0.25, 99.16]
3 studies · 121 participants
Low

Electrical stimulation vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT)

Cost‐effectiveness · women with stress urinary incontinence

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted devices for stress urinary incontinence in women 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Electrical stimulation vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT)

Participants with improvement in urgency urinary incontinence · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

It is very uncertain whether electrical stimulation changes participants with improvement in urgency urinary incontinence compared with pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.62 [0.51, 5.12]
1 study · 52 participants
Very low

Electrical stimulation vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT)

OAB‐related quality of life · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 49 participants
Very low

Electrical stimulation vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT)

Adverse effects · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Electrical stimulation vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) plus biofeedback

Participants cured or improved · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Electrical stimulation vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) plus biofeedback

Participants with improvement in urgency urinary incontinence · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

Electrical stimulation showed no clear difference in participants with improvement in urgency urinary incontinence compared with pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) plus biofeedback (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.06 [0.6, 1.85]
1 study · 51 participants
Low

Electrical stimulation vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) plus biofeedback

OAB‐related quality of life · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 51 participants
Low

Electrical stimulation vs pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) plus biofeedback

Adverse effects · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

1 finding from 1 review

Electrical stimulation with non‐implanted electrodes for overactive bladder in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported