What do systematic reviews say?

Speech and language therapy vs healthy lifestyle advice

• Speech and language therapy for management of chronic cough 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 75 participants
  Low

Voiding education with uroflow feedback and urotherapy vs urotherapy alone

Voiding education with uroflow feedback and urotherapy showed no clear difference in resolution of daytime urinary incontinence at 6 to 12 months after 6… compared with urotherapy alone (low certainty).

• Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.13 [0.87, 1.45]
  3 studies · 151 participants
  Low

Voiding education with uroflow feedback and urotherapy vs urotherapy alone

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Voiding education with uroflow feedback and urotherapy vs urotherapy alone

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Voiding education with uroflow feedback and urotherapy vs urotherapy alone

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Voiding education with uroflow feedback and urotherapy vs urotherapy alone

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Voiding education with uroflow feedback and urotherapy vs urotherapy alone

• Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 133 participants
  GRADE not reported

Statins vs placebo or usual care

Statin therapy leads to lower major cardiovascular events (MACE) compared with placebo or standard of care (high certainty).

• HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for people with chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.72 [0.66, 0.79]
  14 studies · 36156 participants
  High

Statins vs placebo or usual care

Statin therapy leads to lower death compared with placebo or standard of care (high certainty).

• HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for people with chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.83 [0.73, 0.96]
  13 studies · 34978 participants
  High

Statins vs placebo or usual care

It is very uncertain whether statin therapy changes rhabdomyolysis compared with placebo or standard of care (very low certainty).

• HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for people with chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 3.07 [0.13, 75.37]
  2 studies · 2618 participants
  Very low

Statins vs placebo or usual care

Statin therapy probably leads to lower myocardial infarction compared with placebo or standard of care (moderate certainty).

• HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for people with chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.55 [0.42, 0.73]
  10 studies · 9475 participants
  Moderate

Statins vs placebo or usual care

Statin therapy showed no clear difference in stroke compared with placebo or standard of care (moderate certainty).

• HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for people with chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.64 [0.37, 1.08]
  7 studies · 9158 participants
  Moderate

Statins vs placebo or usual care

Statin therapy showed no clear difference in kidney failure compared with placebo or standard of care (moderate certainty).

• HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for people with chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.98 [0.91, 1.05]
  3 studies · 6704 participants
  Moderate

Statins vs placebo or usual care

Statin therapy showed no clear difference in hospitalisation due to heart failure compared with placebo or standard of care (low certainty).

• HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for people with chronic kidney disease not requiring dialysis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.7 [0.37, 1.32]
  1 study · 579 participants
  Low

Triple therapy vs LABA/LAMA combination

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Inhaled corticosteroids with combination inhaled long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists for… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Triple therapy vs LABA/LAMA combination

Triple therapy may leads to lower moderate‐to‐severe exacerbations (rate) compared with LABA/LAMA combination (low certainty).

• Inhaled corticosteroids with combination inhaled long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists for… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.74 [0.67, 0.81]
  4 studies · 15397 participants
  Low

Triple therapy vs LABA/LAMA combination

Triple therapy may leads to lower severe exacerbations (rate) compared with LABA/LAMA combination (low certainty).

• Inhaled corticosteroids with combination inhaled long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists for… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.75 [0.67, 0.84]
  3 studies · 14131 participants
  Low

Triple therapy vs LABA/LAMA combination

Triple therapy leads to higher respiratory HRQoL measured by SGRQ, ≥ 4‐point decrease from baseline… compared with LABA/LAMA combination (high certainty).

• Inhaled corticosteroids with combination inhaled long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists for… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.35 [1.26, 1.45]
  3 studies · 14070 participants
  High

Triple therapy vs LABA/LAMA combination

Triple therapy probably leads to higher pneumonia (labelled as an SAE) compared with LABA/LAMA combination (moderate certainty).

• Inhaled corticosteroids with combination inhaled long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists for… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.74 [1.39, 2.18]
  4 studies · 15412 participants
  Moderate

Triple therapy vs LABA/LAMA combination

Triple therapy showed no clear difference in all‐cause SAEs compared with LABA/LAMA combination (low certainty).

• Inhaled corticosteroids with combination inhaled long‐acting beta2‐agonists and long‐acting muscarinic antagonists for… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.95 [0.87, 1.03]
  4 studies · 15412 participants
  Low