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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
915 questions in 93 reviews · Emergency and Critical Care
current versionsNo studies 141 · 15.4%Ungraded 22 · 2.4%Very low 216 · 23.6%Low 272 · 29.7%Moderate 188 · 20.5%High 76 · 8.3%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
WIBP‐CorV – Sinopharm‐Wuhan vs placebo Local reactogenicity eventsk Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.85, 0.92] | 2 studies · 27029 participants | High |
BBIBP‐CorV – Sinopharm‐Beijing vs placebo Confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infectionb Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 25435 participants | High |
BBIBP‐CorV – Sinopharm‐Beijing vs placebo Confirmed symptomatic COVID‐19b Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 25463 participants | High |
BBIBP‐CorV – Sinopharm‐Beijing vs placebo Severe or critical COVID‐19 Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
BBIBP‐CorV – Sinopharm‐Beijing vs placebo All‐cause mortality Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
BBIBP‐CorV – Sinopharm‐Beijing vs placebo Systemic reactogenicity eventse Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.86, 1.28] | 3 studies · 27540 participants | Moderate |
BBIBP‐CorV – Sinopharm‐Beijing vs placebo Any adverse eventh Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 26924 participants | Low |
BBIBP‐CorV – Sinopharm‐Beijing vs placebo Serious adverse eventsk Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.76 [0.54, 1.06] | 1 study · 26924 participants | Low |
BBIBP‐CorV – Sinopharm‐Beijing vs placebo Local reactogenicity eventse Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 26924 participants | Low |
BNT162b2 – Pfizer/BioNTech + Fosun Pharma vs placebo Local reactogenicity events Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
BBV152 – Bharat Biotech vs placebo Confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infectionb Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 6289 participants | High |
BBV152 – Bharat Biotech vs placebo Confirmed symptomatic COVID‐19b Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 16973 participants | High |
BBV152 – Bharat Biotech vs placebo Severe or critical COVID‐19b Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 16976 participants | High |
BBV152 – Bharat Biotech vs placebo All‐cause mortalitye Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.5 [0.17, 1.46] | 1 study · 25753 participants | Low |
BBV152 – Bharat Biotech vs placebo Systemic reactogenicity eventsg Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.34 [1.15, 1.58] | 2 studies · 25925 participants | High |
BBV152 – Bharat Biotech vs placebo Any adverse eventi Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.94, 1.07] | 1 study · 25753 participants | High |
BBV152 – Bharat Biotech vs placebo Serious adverse eventsi Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.65 [0.43, 0.97] | 1 study · 25928 participants | High |
BBV152 – Bharat Biotech vs placebo Local reactogenicity eventsg Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.95, 1.24] | 2 studies · 25750 participants | High |
NVX‐CoV2373 – Novavax vs placebo Confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infection Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
NVX‐CoV2373 – Novavax vs placebo Confirmed symptomatic COVID‐19b Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 42175 participants | Moderate |
mRNA‐1273 – ModernaTX vs placebo Confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infectionb Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 31632 participants | Moderate |
NVX‐CoV2373 – Novavax vs placebo Severe or critical COVID‐19 Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 25452 participants | Moderate |
NVX‐CoV2373 – Novavax vs placebo All‐cause mortalityh Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.3, 2.68] | 1 study · 29582 participants | Low |
NVX‐CoV2373 – Novavax vs placebo Systemic reactogenicity eventsj Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.21 [1.17, 1.25] | 3 studies · 31063 participants | High |
NVX‐CoV2373 – Novavax vs placebo Any adverse eventm Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.15 [1.05, 1.26] | 5 studies · 46231 participants | Moderate |
NVX‐CoV2373 – Novavax vs placebo Serious adverse eventsm Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.74, 1.14] | 4 studies · 38802 participants | Low |
NVX‐CoV2373 – Novavax vs placebo Local reactogenicity eventsj Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines (2022) · Cochrane | RR 2.78 [1.99, 3.88] | 3 studies · 31063 participants | High |
FINLAY‐FR‐2 – Instituto Finlay de Vacunas vs placebo Confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infection Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
FINLAY‐FR‐2 – Instituto Finlay de Vacunas vs placebo Confirmed symptomatic COVID‐19b Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 28674 participants | Moderate |
FINLAY‐FR‐2 – Instituto Finlay de Vacunas vs placebo Severe or critical COVID‐19 Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
FINLAY‐FR‐2 – Instituto Finlay de Vacunas vs placebo All‐cause mortalitye Efficacy and safety of COVID‐19 vaccines (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.37 [0.17, 0.8] | 1 study · 28674 participants | Moderate |
High levels of PEEP vs low levels of PEEP Mortality before hospital discharge · patients with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome High versus low positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) levels for mechanically ventilated adult patients… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.9, 1.04] | 7 studies · 3640 participants | Moderate |
High levels of PEEP vs low levels of PEEP Oxygen efficiency (PaO₂/FIO₂) Day 1 · patients with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome High versus low positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) levels for mechanically ventilated adult patients… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 2594 participants | Low |
High levels of PEEP vs low levels of PEEP Oxygen efficiency (PaO₂/FIO₂) Day 3 · patients with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome High versus low positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) levels for mechanically ventilated adult patients… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 2309 participants | Low |
High levels of PEEP vs low levels of PEEP Oxygen efficiency (PaO₂/FIO₂) Day 7 · patients with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome High versus low positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) levels for mechanically ventilated adult patients… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 1611 participants | Moderate |
High levels of PEEP vs low levels of PEEP Barotrauma · patients with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome High versus low positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) levels for mechanically ventilated adult patients… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.64, 1.57] | 9 studies · 3791 participants | Low |
High levels of PEEP vs low levels of PEEP Ventilator‐free days until Day 28 (only studies reporting means) · patients with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome High versus low positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) levels for mechanically ventilated adult patients… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 1654 participants | Low |
HFNC vs standard oxygen therapy Treatment failure (escalation of respiratory therapy to NIV, NIPPV or invasive ventilation) Measured up to 28 days · adults in the ICU, requiring respiratory support High‐flow nasal cannulae for respiratory support in adult intensive care patients (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.62 [0.45, 0.86] | 15 studies · 3044 participants | Low |
HFNC vs NIPPV or NIV Adverse events Respiratory infection (pneumonia) · adults in the ICU, requiring respiratory support High‐flow nasal cannulae for respiratory support in adult intensive care patients (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.51 [0.17, 1.52] | 3 studies · 1750 participants | Very low |
HFNC vs NIPPV or NIV Barotrauma (pneumothorax) · adults in the ICU, requiring respiratory support High‐flow nasal cannulae for respiratory support in adult intensive care patients (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.15 [0.42, 3.14] | 1 study · 830 participants | Low |
HFNC vs NIPPV or NIV Nasal mucosa or skin trauma · adults in the ICU, requiring respiratory support High‐flow nasal cannulae for respiratory support in adult intensive care patients (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
HFNC vs NIPPV or NIV Length of ICU stay · adults in the ICU, requiring respiratory support High‐flow nasal cannulae for respiratory support in adult intensive care patients (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 246 participants | Low |
HFNC vs NIPPV or NIV Respiratory effects: PaO2/FiO2 ratio up to 24 hours after initiation of therapy · adults in the ICU, requiring respiratory support High‐flow nasal cannulae for respiratory support in adult intensive care patients (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 1086 participants | Low |
HFNC vs NIPPV or NIV Comfort (short‐term effect) Measured up to 24 hours, scales were standardized to allow comparison; higher numbers indicate more comfort · adults in the ICU, requiring respiratory support High‐flow nasal cannulae for respiratory support in adult intensive care patients (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 258 participants | Very low |
HFNC vs NIPPV or NIV Comfort (long‐term effect) Measured at more than 24 hours · adults in the ICU, requiring respiratory support High‐flow nasal cannulae for respiratory support in adult intensive care patients (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
HFNC vs standard oxygen therapy In‐hospital mortality (up to 90 days; included studies reported in‐hospital mortality, and mortality up to 28 days, up to ICU discharge, and at unspecified time points) · adults in the ICU, requiring respiratory support High‐flow nasal cannulae for respiratory support in adult intensive care patients (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.82, 1.11] | 11 studies · 2673 participants | Moderate |
HFNC vs standard oxygen therapy Adverse events Respiratory infection (pneumonia) Nasal mucosa or skin trauma · adults in the ICU, requiring respiratory support High‐flow nasal cannulae for respiratory support in adult intensive care patients (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.72 [0.48, 1.09] | 4 studies · 1057 participants | Moderate |
HFNC vs standard oxygen therapy Length of ICU stay · adults in the ICU, requiring respiratory support High‐flow nasal cannulae for respiratory support in adult intensive care patients (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 1014 participants | Low |
HFNC vs standard oxygen therapy Respiratory effects: PaO2/FiO2 ratio up to 24 hours after initiation of therapy · adults in the ICU, requiring respiratory support High‐flow nasal cannulae for respiratory support in adult intensive care patients (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 600 participants | Very low |
HFNC vs standard oxygen therapy Comfort (short‐term effect) Measured up to 24 hours, scales were standardised to allow comparison; higher numbers indicate more comfort · adults in the ICU, requiring respiratory support High‐flow nasal cannulae for respiratory support in adult intensive care patients (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 662 participants | Very low |