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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,361 questions in 120 reviews · Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems
current versionsNo studies 286 · 21%Ungraded 61 · 4.5%Very low 381 · 28%Low 381 · 28%Moderate 228 · 16.8%High 24 · 1.8%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Joint crisis plan plus treatment as usual vs treatment Suicidality · community‐dwelling adults with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder Crisis interventions for adults with borderline personality disorder (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Joint crisis plan plus treatment as usual vs treatment Violence perpetration · community‐dwelling adults with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder Crisis interventions for adults with borderline personality disorder (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Joint crisis plan plus treatment as usual vs treatment Hospital admissions: inpatient mental health nights Timing of outcome assessment: 6 months · community‐dwelling adults with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder Crisis interventions for adults with borderline personality disorder (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 73 participants | Low |
Joint crisis plan plus treatment as usual vs treatment Quality of life · community‐dwelling adults with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder Crisis interventions for adults with borderline personality disorder (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 72 participants | Very low |
Joint crisis plan plus treatment as usual vs treatment Cost‐effectiveness Timing of outcome assessment: 6 months · community‐dwelling adults with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder Crisis interventions for adults with borderline personality disorder (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 73 participants | Very low |
Brief admission to psychiatric hospital by self‐referral plus treatment as usual vs treatment Deatha Timing of outcome assessment: 12 months · adults meeting 3 or more diagnostic criteria for borderline personality disorder Crisis interventions for adults with borderline personality disorder (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.49 [0.05, 5.29] | 1 study · 125 participants | Low |
Brief admission to psychiatric hospital by self‐referral plus treatment as usual vs treatment Self‐harm: mean number of self‐harm episodes Timing of outcome assessment: 12 months · adults meeting 3 or more diagnostic criteria for borderline personality disorder Crisis interventions for adults with borderline personality disorder (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 125 participants | Low |
Listening to music vs no treatment or treatment Sleep quality – immediately post‐treatment · adults with insomnia Listening to music for insomnia in adults (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 708 participants | Moderate |
Listening to music vs no treatment or treatment Insomnia severity – immediately post‐treatment · adults with insomnia Listening to music for insomnia in adults (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 63 participants | Very low |
Listening to music vs no treatment or treatment SOL – immediately post‐treatment · adults with insomnia Listening to music for insomnia in adults (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 457 participants | Low |
Listening to music vs no treatment or treatment Total sleep time – immediately post‐treatment · adults with insomnia Listening to music for insomnia in adults (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 611 participants | Low |
Listening to music vs no treatment or treatment Sleep interruption – immediately post‐treatment · adults with insomnia Listening to music for insomnia in adults (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 457 participants | Very low |
Listening to music vs no treatment or treatment Sleep efficiency – immediately post‐treatment · adults with insomnia Listening to music for insomnia in adults (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 457 participants | Low |
Listening to music vs no treatment or treatment Adverse events · adults with insomnia Listening to music for insomnia in adults (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Child protection training for professionals to improve reporting of child abuse and neglect vs no training, waitlist control, or alternative training not related to child abuse and neglect (primary outcomes) Number of reported cases of child abuse and neglect (professionals' self‐report, actual cases) Time of outcome assessment: short term (3 months postintervention) · postqualified professionals, including elementary and high school teachers, childcare professionals, medical… Child protection training for professionals to improve reporting of child abuse and neglect (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 42 participants | Very low |
Child protection training for professionals to improve reporting of child abuse and neglect vs no training, waitlist control, or alternative training not related to child abuse and neglect (secondary outcomes) Attitudes toward the duty to report child abuse and neglect Measured by: professionals’ self‐reported attitudes towards the duty to report child abuse and neglect Time of outcome assessment: short term (postintervention) · postqualified professionals, including elementary and high school teachers, childcare professionals, medical… Child protection training for professionals to improve reporting of child abuse and neglect (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 741 participants | Very low |
Child protection training for professionals to improve reporting of child abuse and neglect vs no training, waitlist control, or alternative training not related to child abuse and neglect (primary outcomes) Number of reported cases of child abuse and neglect (professionals' self‐report, hypothetical vignette cases) Time of outcome assessment: short term (postintervention) · postqualified professionals, including elementary and high school teachers, childcare professionals, medical… Child protection training for professionals to improve reporting of child abuse and neglect (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 87 participants | Very low |
Child protection training for professionals to improve reporting of child abuse and neglect vs no training, waitlist control, or alternative training not related to child abuse and neglect (primary outcomes) Number of reported cases of child abuse and neglect (official records of reports made to child protection authorities) · postqualified professionals, including elementary and high school teachers, childcare professionals, medical… Child protection training for professionals to improve reporting of child abuse and neglect (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Child protection training for professionals to improve reporting of child abuse and neglect vs no training, waitlist control, or alternative training not related to child abuse and neglect (primary outcomes) Quality of reported cases of child abuse and neglect (official records of reports made to child protection authorities) · postqualified professionals, including elementary and high school teachers, childcare professionals, medical… Child protection training for professionals to improve reporting of child abuse and neglect (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Child protection training for professionals to improve reporting of child abuse and neglect vs no training, waitlist control, or alternative training not related to child abuse and neglect (primary outcomes) Adverse events · postqualified professionals, including elementary and high school teachers, childcare professionals, medical… Child protection training for professionals to improve reporting of child abuse and neglect (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Child protection training for professionals to improve reporting of child abuse and neglect vs no training, waitlist control, or alternative training not related to child abuse and neglect (secondary outcomes) Knowledge of reporting duty, processes, and procedures Measured by: professionals' self‐reported knowledge of jurisdictional or institutional reporting duties, or both Time of outcome assessment: short term (postintervention) · postqualified professionals, including elementary and high school teachers, childcare professionals, medical… Child protection training for professionals to improve reporting of child abuse and neglect (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 744 participants | Low |
Child protection training for professionals to improve reporting of child abuse and neglect vs no training, waitlist control, or alternative training not related to child abuse and neglect (secondary outcomes) Knowledge of core concepts in child abuse and neglect (all forms) Measured by: professionals' self‐reported knowledge of all forms of child abuse and neglect (general measure) Time of outcome assessment: short term (postintervention) · postqualified professionals, including elementary and high school teachers, childcare professionals, medical… Child protection training for professionals to improve reporting of child abuse and neglect (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 154 participants | Very low |
Child protection training for professionals to improve reporting of child abuse and neglect vs no training, waitlist control, or alternative training not related to child abuse and neglect (secondary outcomes) Knowledge of core concepts in child abuse and neglect (child sexual abuse only) Measured by: professionals' self‐reported knowledge of child sexual abuse (specific measure) Time of outcome assessment: short term (postintervention) · postqualified professionals, including elementary and high school teachers, childcare professionals, medical… Child protection training for professionals to improve reporting of child abuse and neglect (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 238 participants | Very low |
Child protection training for professionals to improve reporting of child abuse and neglect vs no training, waitlist control, or alternative training not related to child abuse and neglect (secondary outcomes) Skill in distinguishing between reportable and non‐reportable child abuse and neglect cases Measured by: professionals’ performance on simulated cases scored by trained and blinded expert panel Time of outcome assessment: short term (postintervent... · postqualified professionals, including elementary and high school teachers, childcare professionals, medical… Child protection training for professionals to improve reporting of child abuse and neglect (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 25 participants | Very low |
Dynamic splinting vs delayed or no splinting Measurement of acetabular index at 1 year · babies under six months of age with all severities of DDH Splinting for the non‐operative management of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in children under six… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Dynamic splinting vs static splinting Complications: avascular necrosis at 4 months · babies under six months of age with stable and unstable hips Splinting for the non‐operative management of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in children under six… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Dynamic splinting vs delayed or no splinting Measurement of acetabular index at 2 years · babies under six months of age with all severities of DDH Splinting for the non‐operative management of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in children under six… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Dynamic splinting vs delayed or no splinting Measurement of acetabular index at 5 years · babies under six months of age with all severities of DDH Splinting for the non‐operative management of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in children under six… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Dynamic splinting vs delayed or no splinting Need for operative intervention at study · babies under six months of age with all severities of DDH Splinting for the non‐operative management of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in children under six… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Dynamic splinting vs delayed or no splinting Complications: avascular necrosis and femoral nerve palsy at study · babies under six months of age with all severities of DDH Splinting for the non‐operative management of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in children under six… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Dynamic splinting vs static splinting Measurement of acetabular index at 1 year · babies under six months of age with stable and unstable hips Splinting for the non‐operative management of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in children under six… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Dynamic splinting vs static splinting Measurement of acetabular index at 2 years · babies under six months of age with stable and unstable hips Splinting for the non‐operative management of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in children under six… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Dynamic splinting vs static splinting Measurement of acetabular index at 5 years · babies under six months of age with stable and unstable hips Splinting for the non‐operative management of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in children under six… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Dynamic splinting vs static splinting Need for operative intervention · babies under six months of age with stable and unstable hips Splinting for the non‐operative management of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in children under six… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Proportion with an autism spectrum disorder diagnosis at baseline and · children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder Overall prognosis of preschool autism spectrum disorder diagnoses (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 34 studies · 11105 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Social communication at baseline and · children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder Overall prognosis of preschool autism spectrum disorder diagnoses (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Restricted and repetitive behaviours and interests at baseline and · children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder Overall prognosis of preschool autism spectrum disorder diagnoses (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Extended‐release methylphenidate vs placebo Functional outcome:days missed at work/ school/ training Time of assessment: 13 weeks · adults diagnosed with ADHD Extended‐release methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 409 participants | Very low |
Extended‐release methylphenidate vs placebo ADHD symptoms (self‐rated) Time of assessment: median 8 weeks (range 2 ‐ 26) · adults diagnosed with ADHD Extended‐release methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 16 studies · 3799 participants | Very low |
Extended‐release methylphenidate vs placebo Serious adverse events Time of assessment: median 8 weeks (range 4 ‐ 52) · adults diagnosed with ADHD Extended‐release methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults (2022) · Cochrane | 1.43 [0.85, 2.43] | 14 studies · 4078 participants | Very low |
Extended‐release methylphenidate vs placebo Quality of life (self‐rated) Time of assessment: median 6 weeks (range 4 ‐ 52) · adults diagnosed with ADHD Extended‐release methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 1888 participants | Very low |
Extended‐release methylphenidate vs placebo ADHD symptoms (investigator‐rated) Time of assessment: median 8 weeks (range 2 ‐ 26) · adults diagnosed with ADHD Extended‐release methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 18 studies · 4183 participants | Very low |
Extended‐release methylphenidate vs placebo ADHD symptoms (peer‐rated) Time of assessment: median 7.5 weeks (range 6 ‐ 9) · adults diagnosed with ADHD Extended‐release methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 1005 participants | Very low |
Extended‐release methylphenidate vs placebo Adverse events (proportion experiencing any adverse event) Time of assessment: median 8 weeks (range 4 ‐ 52) · adults diagnosed with ADHD Extended‐release methylphenidate for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults (2022) · Cochrane | 1.27 [1.19, 1.37] | 14 studies · 4214 participants | Very low |
Behavioral interventions vs usual care Objective measures of sleep · children between the ages of 1 month and 18 years who were admitted to a pediatric inpatient setting from another… Non‐pharmacological interventions for sleep promotion in hospitalized children (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 145 participants | Low |
Physical activity interventions vs usual care Participant or parent satisfaction · children between the ages of 1 month and 18 years who were admitted to a pediatric inpatient setting from another… Non‐pharmacological interventions for sleep promotion in hospitalized children (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Physical activity interventions vs usual care Cost‐effectiveness · children between the ages of 1 month and 18 years who were admitted to a pediatric inpatient setting from another… Non‐pharmacological interventions for sleep promotion in hospitalized children (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Physical activity interventions vs usual care Delirium incidence or delirium‐free days at hospital discharge · children between the ages of 1 month and 18 years who were admitted to a pediatric inpatient setting from another… Non‐pharmacological interventions for sleep promotion in hospitalized children (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Physical activity interventions vs usual care Length of mechanical ventilation · children between the ages of 1 month and 18 years who were admitted to a pediatric inpatient setting from another… Non‐pharmacological interventions for sleep promotion in hospitalized children (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Physical activity interventions vs usual care Length of hospital stay · children between the ages of 1 month and 18 years who were admitted to a pediatric inpatient setting from another… Non‐pharmacological interventions for sleep promotion in hospitalized children (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |