Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

407 questions · 424 findings · 34 reviews · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 65 · 15.3%GRADE not reported 36 · 8.5%Very low 86 · 20.3%Low 133 · 31.4%Moderate 88 · 20.8%High 16 · 3.8%

Pay for performance (P4P) plus existing payment methods vs existing payment methods

Quantity of service provision (continuous) ‐ number of detailed disease‐related consultation services per 100 prescriptions · healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings

Pay for performance (P4P) plus existing payment methods may leads to higher quantity of service provision (continuous) ‐ number of detailed… compared with existing payment methods (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pay for performance (P4P) plus existing payment methods vs existing payment methods

Quality of service provision ‐ physician prescribing practices · healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings

Pay for performance (P4P) plus existing payment methods may leads to higher quality of service provision ‐ physician prescribing practices compared with existing payment methods (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pay for performance (P4P) plus existing payment methods vs existing payment methods

Patient outcomes ‐ reduction in blood pressure · healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings

It is very uncertain whether pay for performance (P4P) plus existing payment methods changes patient outcomes ‐ reduction in blood pressure compared with existing payment methods (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pay for performance (P4P) plus existing payment methods vs existing payment methods

Quality of service provision and patient outcomes ‐ blood pressure management · healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings

Pay for performance (P4P) plus existing payment methods may leads to higher quality of service provision and patient outcomes ‐ blood pressure… compared with existing payment methods (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pay for performance (P4P) plus existing payment methods vs existing payment methods

Unintended or adverse effects · healthcare providers working in outpatient healthcare settings

Pay for performance (P4P) plus existing payment methods may leads to lower unintended or adverse effects compared with existing payment methods (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings: Specialist inpatient care for weight restoration vs active outpatient or combination brief hospital/outpatient care

Weight or BMI (at end of 12 months from the start of treatment) · participants with anorexia nervosa

Summary of findings: Specialist inpatient care for weight restoration showed no clear difference in weight or BMI (at end of 12 months from the start of treatment) compared with active outpatient or combination brief hospital/outpatient care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings: Specialist inpatient care for weight restoration vs active outpatient or combination brief hospital/outpatient care

Secondary outcome: acceptability of treatment · participants with anorexia nervosa

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings: Specialist inpatient care for weight restoration changes acceptability: number of participants who completed treatment (at… compared with active outpatient or combination brief hospital/outpatient care (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Opioids vs placebo or no treatment

Nausea and vomiting sublingual opioid · women undergoing outpatient hysteroscopy

Opioid may leads to higher nausea and vomiting sublingual opioid compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review