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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

144 questions · 149 findings · 13 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 26 · 17.4%GRADE not reported 6 · 4%Very low 45 · 30.2%Low 49 · 32.9%Moderate 20 · 13.4%High 3 · 2%

Any supplements containing iron vs same supplements without iron or no treatment/placebo (no iron or placebo)

Infection during pregnancy (including urinary tract infections and others) (ALL) · pregnant women

(Maternal outcomes) Any supplements containing iron showed no clear difference in infection during pregnancy (including urinary tract infections) (ALL) compared with same supplements without iron or no treatment/placebo (no iron or… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any supplements containing iron vs same supplements without iron or no treatment/placebo (no iron or placebo)

Maternal anaemia at term (Hb less than 110 g/L at 37 weeks' gestation or more) (ALL) · pregnant women

(Maternal outcomes) Any supplements containing iron may leads to lower maternal anaemia at term (Hb less than 110 g/L at 37 weeks'… compared with same supplements without iron or no treatment/placebo (no iron or… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any supplements containing iron vs same supplements without iron or no treatment/placebo (no iron or placebo)

Maternal death · pregnant women

It is very uncertain whether (Maternal outcomes) Any supplements containing iron changes maternal death (death while pregnant or within 42 days of… compared with same supplements without iron or no treatment/placebo (no iron or… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any supplements containing iron vs same supplements without iron or no treatment/placebo (no iron or placebo)

Side effects (any reported throughout the intervention period) (ALL) · pregnant women

It is very uncertain whether (Maternal outcomes) Any supplements containing iron changes side effects (any reported throughout the intervention period) (ALL) compared with same supplements without iron or no treatment/placebo (no iron or… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any supplements containing iron and folic acid vs same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid or placebo)

Low birthweight · pregnant women

(Infant outcomes) Any supplements containing iron and folic acid showed no clear difference in low birthweight (less than 2500 g) (ALL) compared with same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any supplements containing iron and folic acid vs same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid or placebo)

Preterm birth · pregnant women

(Infant outcomes) Any supplements containing iron and folic acid showed no clear difference in preterm birth (less than 37 weeks of gestation) (ALL) compared with same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any supplements containing iron and folic acid vs same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid or placebo)

Neonatal death (death within the first 28 days of life) · pregnant women

(Infant outcomes) Any supplements containing iron and folic acid showed no clear difference in neonatal death (within 28 days after delivery) (ALL) compared with same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any supplements containing iron and folic acid vs same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid or placebo)

Any congenital anomalies · pregnant women

(Infant outcomes) Any supplements containing iron and folic acid showed no clear difference in congenital anomalies (ALL) compared with same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any supplements containing iron and folic acid vs same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid or placebo)

Maternal anaemia at term (Hb less than 110 g/L at 37 weeks' gestation or more) (ALL) · pregnant women

(Maternal outcomes) Any supplements containing iron and folic acid probably leads to lower maternal anaemia at term (Hb less than 110 g/L at 37 weeks'… compared with same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid… (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any supplements containing iron and folic acid vs same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid or placebo)

Side effects (any reported throughout the intervention period) (ALL) · pregnant women

(Maternal outcomes) Any supplements containing iron and folic acid probably leads to higher side effects (any reported throughout the intervention period) (ALL) compared with same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid… (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any supplements containing iron and folic acid vs same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid or placebo)

Maternal severe anaemia at any time during 2nd or 3rd trimester (Hb less than 70 g/L) · pregnant women

It is very uncertain whether (Maternal outcomes) Any supplements containing iron and folic acid changes maternal severe anaemia at any time during second and third… compared with same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any supplements containing iron and folic acid vs same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid or placebo)

Infection during pregnancy (including urinary tract infections and others) (ALL) · pregnant women

It is very uncertain whether (Maternal outcomes) Any supplements containing iron and folic acid changes infection during pregnancy (including urinary tract infections) (ALL) compared with same supplements without iron nor folic acid (no iron nor folic acid… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

ESA with or without iron vs no treatment

On‐study mortality3 (Subnet based on 55 studies including 15,074 participants) · patients at any age with solid cancer or haematological malignancy

ESA with or without iron showed no clear difference in on‐study mortality3 (Subnet based on 55 studies including 15,074… compared with no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

ESA with or without iron vs no treatment

Haemoglobin response (Subnet based on 31 studies including 6985 participants) · patients at any age with solid cancer or haematological malignancy

ESA with or without iron probably leads to higher haemoglobin response (Subnet based on 31 studies including 6985… compared with no treatment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

ESA with or without iron vs no treatment

Red blood cell transfusions (Subnet based on 69 studies including 18,684 participants) · patients at any age with solid cancer or haematological malignancy

ESA with or without iron probably leads to lower red blood cell transfusions (Subnet based on 69 studies including… compared with no treatment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

ESA with or without iron vs no treatment

Overall mortality4 (Subnet based on 71 studies including 21,576 participants) · patients at any age with solid cancer or haematological malignancy

ESA with or without iron showed no clear difference in overall mortality4 (Subnet based on 71 studies including 21,576… compared with no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review