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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

927 questions · 1,014 findings · 29 reviews · Oral medicine and oral cancer

No studies found 123 · 12.1%GRADE not reported 604 · 59.6%Very low 193 · 19%Low 58 · 5.7%Moderate 35 · 3.5%High 1 · 0.1%

Vitamin A or retinoids (systemic or topical; incl. 13-cis-retinoic acid, acitretin) vs placebo or no treatment

Clinical resolution (oral lesion not completely resolved) · People with a diagnosis of oral leukoplakia
1 finding from 1 review
  • Interventions for treating oral leukoplakia to prevent oral cancer 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
    4 to 12 months
    SoF 1, Clinical resolution (not completely resolved) at 4 to 12 months: 'Studies could not be combined in meta-analysis. One study evaluated topical treatment and did not find evidence of benefit; 3 studies of systemic…
    4 studies
    GRADE not reported

Herbal extracts (tea components; Chinese herbal mixture; freeze-dried black raspberry gel) vs placebo or no treatment

Clinical resolution (oral lesion not completely resolved) · People with a diagnosis of oral leukoplakia
1 finding from 1 review
  • SoF 4, Clinical resolution (not completely resolved) at 3 to 6 months: '3 studies (freeze-dried black raspberry gel, green tea extract capsules, mixed tea) did not find evidence of benefit.' No GRADE. Effects text:…
    4 studies
    GRADE not reported

Systemic beta carotene or carotenoids (incl. lycopene) vs placebo or no treatment

Malignant transformation (oral cancer development) · People with a diagnosis of oral leukoplakia

It is very uncertain whether systemic beta carotene or carotenoids (incl. lycopene) changes oral cancer development compared with placebo or no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Herbal extracts (tea components; Chinese herbal mixture; freeze-dried black raspberry gel) vs placebo or no treatment

Malignant transformation (oral cancer development) · People with a diagnosis of oral leukoplakia
1 finding from 1 review
  • SoF 4 (Herbal extracts vs placebo), Cancer development: SoF cell 'Not measured'. Effects text: cancer development was among the outcomes in Tsao 2009 (green tea extract) but it was not possible to analyse the data…
    1 study
    GRADE not reported

Bowman-Birk inhibitor vs placebo or no treatment

Malignant transformation (oral cancer development) · People with a diagnosis of oral leukoplakia

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic beta carotene or carotenoids (incl. lycopene) vs placebo or no treatment

Clinical resolution (oral lesion not completely resolved) · People with a diagnosis of oral leukoplakia
1 finding from 1 review
  • Interventions for treating oral leukoplakia to prevent oral cancer 2016 · Cochrane All outcomes
    5 to 12 months
    SoF 2, Clinical resolution (not completely resolved) at 5 to 12 months: 'The 3 studies could not be combined in meta-analysis. 2 found benefit for systemic beta carotene, and 1 did not.' No GRADE rating. Effects text…
    3 studies
    GRADE not reported

Fluconazole (absorbed from GI tract) vs Ketoconazole (absorbed from GI tract)

Mycological: eradication of oral candidiasis · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy with overt oral candidiasis

Fluconazole (absorbed from GI tract) showed no clear difference in mycological: eradication of oral candidiasis compared with ketoconazole (absorbed from GI tract); GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Miconazole 50 mg tablet (partially absorbed) vs Miconazole 500 mg gel (partially absorbed)

Clinical: eradication of oral candidiasis · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy with overt oral candidiasis

Miconazole 50 mg tablet (partially absorbed) showed no clear difference in clinical: eradication of oral candidiasis compared with miconazole 500 mg gel (partially absorbed); GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Fluconazole (absorbed from GI tract) vs Itraconazole

Clinical: eradication of oral candidiasis · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy with overt oral candidiasis

Fluconazole (absorbed from GI tract) showed no clear difference in clinical: eradication of oral candidiasis compared with itraconazole (absorbed from GI tract); GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Absorbed drug (fluconazole or ketoconazole) vs Antifungal drugs not absorbed from GI tract

Mycological: eradication of oral candidiasis · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy with overt oral candidiasis

Absorbed drug (fluconazole or ketoconazole) led to higher mycological: eradication of oral candidiasis compared with drug not absorbed from GI tract (amphotericin B or nystatin); GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Absorbed drug (fluconazole or ketoconazole) vs Antifungal drugs not absorbed from GI tract

Clinical: eradication of oral candidiasis · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy with overt oral candidiasis

Absorbed drug (fluconazole or ketoconazole) led to higher clinical: eradication of oral candidiasis compared with drug not absorbed from GI tract (amphotericin B or nystatin); GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Clotrimazole (partially absorbed from GI tract) vs placebo

Mycological: eradication of oral candidiasis · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy with overt oral candidiasis

Clotrimazole (partially absorbed from GI tract) showed no clear difference in mycological: eradication of oral candidiasis compared with placebo; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Ketoconazole vs placebo

Mycological: eradication of oral candidiasis · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy with overt oral candidiasis

Ketoconazole (absorbed from GI tract) showed no clear difference in mycological: eradication of oral candidiasis compared with placebo; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Clotrimazole (partially absorbed from GI tract) vs placebo

Clinical: eradication of oral candidiasis · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy with overt oral candidiasis

Clotrimazole (partially absorbed from GI tract) showed no clear difference in clinical: eradication of oral candidiasis compared with placebo; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Fluconazole (absorbed from GI tract) vs Itraconazole

Mycological: eradication of oral candidiasis · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy with overt oral candidiasis

Fluconazole (absorbed from GI tract) led to higher mycological: eradication of oral candidiasis compared with itraconazole (absorbed from GI tract); GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Clotrimazole 50 mg (partially absorbed) vs Clotrimazole 10 mg (partially absorbed)

Clinical: eradication of oral candidiasis · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy with overt oral candidiasis

Clotrimazole 50 mg (partially absorbed) showed no clear difference in clinical: eradication of oral candidiasis compared with clotrimazole 10 mg (partially absorbed); GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Fluconazole (absorbed from GI tract) vs Ketoconazole (absorbed from GI tract)

Clinical: eradication of oral candidiasis · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy with overt oral candidiasis

Fluconazole (absorbed from GI tract) showed no clear difference in clinical: eradication of oral candidiasis compared with ketoconazole (absorbed from GI tract); GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Clotrimazole 50 mg (partially absorbed) vs Clotrimazole 10 mg (partially absorbed)

Mycological: eradication of oral candidiasis · Patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy with overt oral candidiasis

Clotrimazole 50 mg (partially absorbed) led to higher mycological: eradication of oral candidiasis compared with clotrimazole 10 mg (partially absorbed); GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review