What do systematic reviews say?

Intervention not reported

• Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 1853 participants
  High

Intervention not reported

• Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 1210 participants
  High

Intervention not reported

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

• Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  34 studies · 32684 participants
  GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

• Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 2211 participants
  High

Intervention not reported

• Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 5846 participants
  High

Intervention not reported

• Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  21 studies · 20326 participants
  High

Intervention not reported

• Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 2750 participants
  High

Intervention not reported

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

• Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  10 studies · 15651 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

• Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 3319 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

• Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  25 studies · 25583 participants
  GRADE not reported

Intervention not reported

• Addition of long‐acting beta2 agonists or long‐acting muscarinic antagonists versus doubling the dose of inhaled… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 1685 participants
  Moderate

Once‐daily ICS/LABA combined inhalers vs once‐daily LAMA

It is very uncertain whether once‐daily ICS/LABA combined inhalers changes mortality (all‐cause) compared with once‐daily LAMA (very low certainty).

• Once‐daily long‐acting beta₂‐agonists/inhaled corticosteroids combined inhalers versus inhaled long‐acting muscarinic… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.2 [0.02, 1.73]
  2 studies · 880 participants
  Very low

Once‐daily ICS/LABA combined inhalers vs once‐daily LAMA

It is very uncertain whether once‐daily ICS/LABA combined inhalers changes any COPD exacerbation that requires short‐burst oral corticosteroids… compared with once‐daily LAMA (very low certainty).

• Once‐daily long‐acting beta₂‐agonists/inhaled corticosteroids combined inhalers versus inhaled long‐acting muscarinic… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.72 [0.35, 1.5]
  2 studies · 880 participants
  Very low

Once‐daily ICS/LABA combined inhalers vs once‐daily LAMA

It is very uncertain whether once‐daily ICS/LABA combined inhalers changes pneumonia compared with once‐daily LAMA (very low certainty).

• Once‐daily long‐acting beta₂‐agonists/inhaled corticosteroids combined inhalers versus inhaled long‐acting muscarinic… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 6.12 [0.73, 51.24]
  2 studies · 880 participants
  Very low

Once‐daily ICS/LABA combined inhalers vs once‐daily LAMA

• Once‐daily long‐acting beta₂‐agonists/inhaled corticosteroids combined inhalers versus inhaled long‐acting muscarinic… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 779 participants
  Very low

Once‐daily ICS/LABA combined inhalers vs once‐daily LAMA

It is very uncertain whether once‐daily ICS/LABA combined inhalers changes hospital admissions (all‐cause) compared with once‐daily LAMA (very low certainty).

• Once‐daily long‐acting beta₂‐agonists/inhaled corticosteroids combined inhalers versus inhaled long‐acting muscarinic… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.96 [0.49, 1.89]
  2 studies · 880 participants
  Very low