Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

433 questions · 433 findings · 31 reviews · Consumers and Communication

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No studies found 145 · 33.5%GRADE not reported 19 · 4.4%Very low 97 · 22.4%Low 124 · 28.6%Moderate 46 · 10.6%High 2 · 0.5%

Culturally and literacy adapted self‐management programme vs written information on the same topic

Self‐efficacy · migrants

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 552 participants
Moderate

Culturally and literacy adapted audio‐/visual education without personal feedback vs written information on the same topic

Health literacy – Time point a: short‐term (up to 1 month post‐intervention)*** (1) Diabetes health literacy · migrants

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 240 participants
Moderate

Culturally and literacy adapted audio‐/visual education without personal feedback vs written information on the same topic

Health‐related knowledge – Any health‐related knowledge standardised on score 0 (no knowledge) to 100 (perfect knowledge) Time point: short‐term (up to 1 month post‐intervention) · migrants

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 987 participants
Low

Culturally and literacy adapted audio‐/visual education without personal feedback vs written information on the same topic

Health behaviour – Time point a: medium‐term (up to 6 months post‐intervention) Any cancer screening uptake · migrants

Culturally and literacy adapted audio‐/visual education without… showed no clear difference in health behaviour – Time point a: medium‐term (up to 6 months… compared with written information on the same topic (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.07 [0.95, 1.2]
2 studies · 803 participants
Low

Culturally and literacy adapted audio‐/visual education without personal feedback vs written information on the same topic

Self‐efficacy – Time point a: short‐term (immediately post‐intervention) Self‐efficacy in accessing breast cancer‐related advice or information · migrants

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving health literacy in migrants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 240 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Discussions of EoL/EoL care: discussion timing and length EMR review post‐death Timing: at time of family conference (intervention) in ICU; post‐death Â · people approaching the end of life (within 12 months), their family members and/or carers

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for interpersonal communication about end of life care between health practitioners and affected people 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 484 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Overall communication skills Different scales used by different studies: total scores vary across communication items or average score on a Likert scale Based on assessments occurring immediately and up to 12 months after intervention delivery · pre‐registration medical students

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
18 studies · 1356 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Relationship building/rapport Different scales used by different studies: average empathy score across several items or average score on a Likert scale Based on assessments occurring immediately and up to 12 months after intervention delivery · pre‐registration medical students

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 176 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Overall communication skills Different scales used across studies: total scores vary across communication items or average score on a Likert scale Based on assessments occurring immediately and up to 12 months after intervention delivery · pre‐registration medical students

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 502 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Empathy Different scales used by different studies: average empathy score across several items or average score on a 5‐ to 9‐point Likert scale Based on assessments occurring immediately and up to 12 months after intervention delivery · pre‐registration medical students

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 831 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 637 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
9 studies · 834 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Information gathering about patient perspectives/concerns Different scales used by different studies, some dichotomous outcomes Based on assessments occurring immediately and up to 12 months after intervention delivery · pre‐registration medical students

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 405 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Explanation and planning (information giving) Different scales used by different studies, some dichotomous outcomes Based on assessments occurring immediately and up to 12 months after intervention delivery · pre‐registration medical students

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 695 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Specific communication techniques Different scales used by different studies, some dichotomous outcomes Based on assessments occurring immediately and up to 12 months after intervention delivery · pre‐registration medical students

The intervention may leads to lower specific communication techniques Different scales used by different… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 371 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 1578 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for improving medical students' interpersonal communication in medical consultations 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 421 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Caregiver satisfaction with interventions · informal caregivers of people affected by cancer

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Psychosocial interventions for informal caregivers of people living with cancer 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

Vaccination status Final time point (3, 6, or 12 months post‐intervention) · parents of preschool‐aged children or expectant parents

The intervention may leads to higher vaccination status Final time point (3, 6, or 12 months… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Face‐to‐face interventions for informing or educating parents about early childhood vaccination 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.2 [1.04, 1.37]
7 studies · 3004 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Knowledge or understanding (Different measures used by the studies: knowledge of vaccine‐preventable diseases, vaccines, contraindications to vaccination, or a combination, on varying scales) Final time point (3 or 6 months post‐intervention) · parents of preschool‐aged children or expectant parents

1 finding from 1 review

Face‐to‐face interventions for informing or educating parents about early childhood vaccination 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 657 participants
Moderate