Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

364 questions · 389 findings · 54 reviews

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No studies found 95 · 24.4%GRADE not reported 40 · 10.3%Very low 45 · 11.6%Low 126 · 32.4%Moderate 76 · 19.5%High 7 · 1.8%

Summary of findings ‐ Breastfeeding vs control

Heart rate · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
8 studies · 784 participants
Low

Summary of findings ‐ Breastfeeding vs control

Duration of crying (seconds) · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
16 studies · 1866 participants
Moderate

Summary of findings ‐ Breastfeeding vs control

Percentage of time crying · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 359 participants
Low

Summary of findings ‐ Breastfeeding vs control

Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
12 studies · 1432 participants
Moderate

Summary of findings ‐ Breastfeeding vs control

Neonatal Facial Coding Score (NFCS) (Breastfeeding versus control) · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 235 participants
Low

Summary of findings ‐ Breastfeeding vs control

Douleur Aigue du Nouveau‐né (DAN) scale · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 709 participants
Low

Summary of findings ‐ Breastfeeding vs control

Any adverse outcome · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) up to maximum of 44…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Breastfeeding for more than 12 months vs Not breastfed at the same age

Early childhood caries (ECC) · Children younger than 71 months (under 6 years)

Breastfeeding for more than 12 months is associated with higher ECC prevalence (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Risk of Early Childhood Dental Caries Associated With Prolonged Breastfeeding: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. 2025 All outcomes
More than 12 months
OR 1.86 [1.48, 2.35]
13 studies
Low

Breastfeeding for more than 24 months vs Not breastfed at the same age

Early childhood caries (ECC) · Children younger than 71 months (under 6 years)

Breastfeeding for more than 24 months is associated with higher ECC prevalence (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Risk of Early Childhood Dental Caries Associated With Prolonged Breastfeeding: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. 2025 All outcomes
More than 24 months
OR 2.99 [1.03, 8.67]
4 studies
Low

Breast feeding with supplemental feeds by other than bottle vs breast feeding with supplemental feeds by bottle (all trials)

Length of hospital stay · preterm infants

1 finding from 1 review

Avoidance of bottles during the establishment of breastfeeds in preterm infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 1004 participants
Low

Breast feeding with supplemental feeds by other than bottle vs breast feeding with supplemental feeds by bottle (all trials)

Episodes of infection · preterm infants

Breastfeeding with supplemental feeds by other than bottle showed no clear difference in episodes of infection per infant compared with breastfeeding with supplemental feeds by bottle (all trials) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Avoidance of bottles during the establishment of breastfeeds in preterm infants 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.7 [0.35, 1.42]
3 studies · 500 participants
Low

Antenatal breastfeeding (BF) education vs usual care

Breastfeeding initiation · pregnant women

Antenatal breastfeeding (BF) education showed no clear difference in initiation of BF compared with standard care (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antenatal breastfeeding education for increasing breastfeeding duration 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.01 [0.94, 1.9]
8 studies · 3505 participants
High

Antenatal breastfeeding (BF) education vs usual care

Proportion of women exclusively BF at 3 months · pregnant women

Antenatal breastfeeding (BF) education showed no clear difference in proportion of women exclusively BF at 3 months compared with standard care (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antenatal breastfeeding education for increasing breastfeeding duration 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.06 [0.9, 1.25]
3 studies · 822 participants
Moderate

Antenatal breastfeeding (BF) education vs usual care

Proportion of women exclusively BF at 6 months · pregnant women

Antenatal breastfeeding (BF) education showed no clear difference in proportion of women exclusively BF at 6 months compared with standard care (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antenatal breastfeeding education for increasing breastfeeding duration 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.07 [0.87, 1.3]
4 studies · 2161 participants
Moderate

Antenatal breastfeeding (BF) education vs usual care

Proportion of women any BF at 3 months · pregnant women

Antenatal breastfeeding (BF) education showed no clear difference in proportion of women any BF at 3 months compared with standard care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antenatal breastfeeding education for increasing breastfeeding duration 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.98 [0.82, 1.18]
2 studies · 654 participants
Low

Antenatal breastfeeding (BF) education vs usual care

Proportion of women any BF at 6 months · pregnant women

Antenatal breastfeeding (BF) education showed no clear difference in proportion of women any BF at 6 months compared with standard care (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antenatal breastfeeding education for increasing breastfeeding duration 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.05 [0.9, 1.23]
4 studies · 1636 participants
High

Breastfeeding for more than 24 months vs Not breastfed at the same age or breastfed for a shorter duration

Early childhood caries (ECC) - incidence/risk · Children with exclusively primary dentition (age ≤71 months)

Breastfeeding beyond 24 months is associated with an increased risk (incidence) of early childhood caries versus not breastfeeding at the same age (RR 2.44, 95% CI 1.97 to 3.02; low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Risk of Early Childhood Dental Caries Associated With Prolonged Breastfeeding: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. 2025 All outcomes
Up to 71 months of age (study follow-up 1-9 years) · Population/community-based birth and childhood cohort studies; multiple countries (mostly Brazil and Japan; also Thailand, Scotland, Uganda, Spain, Australia, Myanmar, USA, Netherlands, Norway) · More than 24 months
RR 2.44 [1.97, 3.02]
2 studies
Low

Antibiotics vs placebo or usual care

Duration of any breastfeeding · postpartum breastfeeding women

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Antibiotics vs topical treatments

Duration of any breastfeeding · postpartum breastfeeding women

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Mupirocin ointment vs fusidic acid ointment

Duration of any breastfeeding · postpartum breastfeeding women

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for preventing mastitis after childbirth 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found