Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

92 questions · 104 findings · 16 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 16 · 15.4%GRADE not reported 0 · 0%Very low 28 · 26.9%Low 35 · 33.7%Moderate 24 · 23.1%High 1 · 1%

Intervention not reported

Adverse events ‐ Ectopic pregnancy Melatonin lower dose versus melatonin higher dose№ of participants: 120(1 RCT) · women with subfertility

1 finding from 1 review

Antioxidants for female subfertility 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Very low

Antioxidants vs Placebo, no intervention or usual care (with or without placebo)

Adverse events ‐ Miscarriage · women with subfertility

Antioxidant(s) showed no clear difference in adverse events ‐ Miscarriage№ of participants: 3229(24 RCTs) compared with placebo or no treatment/standard treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antioxidants for female subfertility 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.13 [0.82, 1.55]
Studies not reported
Low

Antioxidants vs Placebo, no intervention or usual care (with or without placebo)

Adverse event ‐ multiple pregnancy · women with subfertility

Antioxidant(s) showed no clear difference in adverse events ‐ Multiple pregnancy№ of participants: 1886(9 RCTs) compared with placebo or no treatment/standard treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antioxidants for female subfertility 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1 [0.63, 1.56]
Studies not reported
Low

Antioxidants vs Placebo, no intervention or usual care (with or without placebo)

Gastrointestinal adverse events · women with subfertility

Antioxidant(s) showed no clear difference in adverse events ‐ Gastrointestinal disturbances№ of participants:… compared with placebo or no treatment/standard treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antioxidants for female subfertility 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.55 [0.47, 5.1]
Studies not reported
Low

Antioxidants vs Placebo, no intervention or usual care (with or without placebo)

Adverse events: ectopic pregnancy · women with subfertility

Antioxidant(s) showed no clear difference in adverse events ‐ Ectopic pregnancy№ of participants: 404(4 RCTs) compared with placebo or no treatment/standard treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antioxidants for female subfertility 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.4 [0.27, 7.2]
Studies not reported
Low

Intervention not reported

Live birth; type of antioxidant (natural conceptions and undergoing fertility treatments) ‐ Melatonin lower dose versus melatonin higher dose№ of participants: 140(2 RCTs) · women with subfertility

The intervention showed no clear difference in live birth; type of antioxidant (natural conceptions and undergoing… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antioxidants for female subfertility 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.94 [0.41, 2.15]
Studies not reported
Low

Intervention not reported

Clinical pregnancy; type of antioxidant (natural conceptions and undergoing fertility treatments) ‐ N‐acetylcysteine versus L‐carnitine№ of participants: 164(1 RCT) · women with subfertility

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes clinical pregnancy; type of antioxidant (natural conceptions and… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antioxidants for female subfertility 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.81 [0.33, 2]
Studies not reported
Very low

Intervention not reported

Clinical pregnancy; type of antioxidant (natural conceptions and undergoing fertility treatments) ‐ Melatonin lower dose versus melatonin higher dose№ of participants: 140(2 RCTs) · women with subfertility

The intervention showed no clear difference in clinical pregnancy; type of antioxidant (natural conceptions and… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antioxidants for female subfertility 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.94 [0.41, 2.15]
Studies not reported
Low

Antioxidants vs control intervention

Pain intensity (0‐10cm visual analogue scale) · patients with chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic pain

1 finding from 1 review

Antioxidants for pain in chronic pancreatitis 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 129 participants
Moderate

Antioxidants vs control intervention

Pain free by end of study (day 6) · patients with chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic pain

Antioxidant showed no clear difference in pain‐free participants compared with control intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antioxidants for pain in chronic pancreatitis 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.73 [0.95, 3.15]
3 studies · 264 participants
Low

Antioxidants vs control intervention

Adverse effects—parallel trials · patients with chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic pain

Antioxidant probably leads to higher adverse effects—parallel trials compared with control intervention (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antioxidants for pain in chronic pancreatitis 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 4.43 [1.6, 12.29]
3 studies · 212 participants
Moderate

Antioxidants vs control intervention

Adverse effects—cross‐over trials (unpaired data) · patients with chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic pain

Antioxidant probably leads to higher adverse effects—cross‐over trials (unpaired data) compared with control intervention (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antioxidants for pain in chronic pancreatitis 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 5.8 [1.56, 21.53]
5 studies · 192 participants
Moderate