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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Spontaneous pushing vs directed pushing Perineal laceration (3rd or 4th degree) · women in the second stage of labour Pushing/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.45, 1.66] | 1 study · 320 participants | Low |
Spontaneous pushing vs directed pushing Admission to neonatal intensive care · women in the second stage of labour Pushing/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.3, 3.79] | 2 studies · 393 participants | Very low |
Spontaneous pushing vs directed pushing Hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy · women in the second stage of labour Pushing/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Spontaneous pushing vs directed pushing 5‐minute Apgar score < 7 · women in the second stage of labour Pushing/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.35 [0.01, 8.43] | 1 study · 320 participants | Very low |
Spontaneous pushing vs directed pushing Duration of pushing (minutes) · women in the second stage of labour Pushing/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 169 participants | Very low |
Spontaneous pushing vs directed pushing Spontaneous vaginal delivery · women in the second stage of labour Pushing/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.97, 1.05] | 5 studies · 688 participants | Moderate |
Delayed pushing vs immediate pushing (all women with epidural) Duration of second stage (minutes) · women in the second stage of labour with epidural in situ Pushing/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 3049 participants | Very low |
Delayed pushing vs immediate pushing (all women with epidural) Perineal laceration (3rd or 4th degree) · women in the second stage of labour with epidural in situ Pushing/bearing down methods for the second stage of labour (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.78, 1.14] | 7 studies · 2775 participants | Moderate |
Planned early delivery vs expectant management Composite maternal mortality and morbidity · pregnant women with hypertensive disorders from 34 weeks' gestation to term Planned early delivery versus expectant management for hypertensive disorders from 34 weeks gestation to term (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.69 [0.57, 0.83] | 2 studies · 1459 participants | High |
Planned early delivery vs expectant management Composite infant mortality and morbidity · pregnant women with hypertensive disorders from 34 weeks' gestation to term Planned early delivery versus expectant management for hypertensive disorders from 34 weeks gestation to term (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 1459 participants | Ungraded |
Planned early delivery vs expectant management Caesarean section · pregnant women with hypertensive disorders from 34 weeks' gestation to term Planned early delivery versus expectant management for hypertensive disorders from 34 weeks gestation to term (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.78, 1.07] | 4 studies · 1728 participants | Moderate |
Planned early delivery vs expectant management Duration of hospital stay after delivery for mother (days) · pregnant women with hypertensive disorders from 34 weeks' gestation to term Planned early delivery versus expectant management for hypertensive disorders from 34 weeks gestation to term (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 925 participants | Moderate |
Planned early delivery vs expectant management Duration of hospital stay after delivery for baby (days) · pregnant women with hypertensive disorders from 34 weeks' gestation to term Planned early delivery versus expectant management for hypertensive disorders from 34 weeks gestation to term (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 756 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: Low‐moderate GI diet vs moderate‐high GI diet (maternal outcomes) Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: severe hypertension or pre‐eclampsia · pregnant women with GDM Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.07, 15.86] | 1 study · 95 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: Low‐moderate GI diet vs moderate‐high GI diet (neonatal/child/adulthood outcomes) Perinatal mortality · pregnant women with GDM Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: Low‐moderate GI diet vs moderate‐high GI diet (neonatal/child/adulthood outcomes) Neonatal mortality or morbidity composite · pregnant women with GDM Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: Low‐moderate GI diet vs moderate‐high GI diet (neonatal/child/adulthood outcomes) Neonatal hypoglycaemia · pregnant women with GDM Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: Low‐moderate GI diet vs moderate‐high GI diet (neonatal/child/adulthood outcomes) Childhood/adulthood neurosensory disability · pregnant women with GDM Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: Low‐moderate GI diet vs moderate‐high GI diet (neonatal/child/adulthood outcomes) Childhood/adulthood adiposity · pregnant women with GDM Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: Low‐moderate GI diet vs moderate‐high GI diet (neonatal/child/adulthood outcomes) Childhood/adulthood type 2 diabetes mellitus · pregnant women with GDM Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: Energy‐restricted diet vs no energy‐restricted diet (maternal outcomes) Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: pre‐eclampsia · pregnant women with GDM Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.51, 1.97] | 1 study · 117 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: Energy‐restricted diet vs no energy‐restricted diet (maternal outcomes) Caesarean section · pregnant women with GDM Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.8, 1.56] | 2 studies · 420 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: Energy‐restricted diet vs no energy‐restricted diet (maternal outcomes) Induction of labour · pregnant women with GDM Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.68, 1.53] | 1 study · 114 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: Energy‐restricted diet vs no energy‐restricted diet (maternal outcomes) Perineal trauma · pregnant women with GDM Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: Low‐moderate GI diet vs moderate‐high GI diet (maternal outcomes) Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: eclampsia · pregnant women with GDM Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.34 [0.01, 8.14] | 1 study · 83 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: Energy‐restricted diet vs no energy‐restricted diet (maternal outcomes) Type 2 diabetes mellitus · pregnant women with GDM Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: Energy‐restricted diet vs no energy‐restricted diet (maternal outcomes) Postnatal depression · pregnant women with GDM Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: Energy‐restricted diet vs no energy‐restricted diet (maternal outcomes) Postnatal weight retention or return to pre‐pregnancy weight · pregnant women with GDM Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: Energy‐restricted diet vs no energy‐restricted diet (neonatal/child/adulthood outcomes) Large‐for‐gestational age · pregnant women with GDM Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.17 [0.65, 2.12] | 1 study · 123 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: Energy‐restricted diet vs no energy‐restricted diet (neonatal/child/adulthood outcomes) Perinatal mortality · pregnant women with GDM Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 423 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: Energy‐restricted diet vs no energy‐restricted diet (neonatal/child/adulthood outcomes) Neonatal mortality or morbidity composite · pregnant women with GDM Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: Energy‐restricted diet vs no energy‐restricted diet (neonatal/child/adulthood outcomes) Neonatal hypoglycaemia · pregnant women with GDM Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.48, 2.32] | 2 studies · 408 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: Energy‐restricted diet vs no energy‐restricted diet (neonatal/child/adulthood outcomes) Childhood/adulthood neurosensory disability · pregnant women with GDM Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: Energy‐restricted diet vs no energy‐restricted diet (neonatal/child/adulthood outcomes) Childhood/adulthood adiposity · pregnant women with GDM Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: Energy‐restricted diet vs no energy‐restricted diet (neonatal/child/adulthood outcomes) Childhood/adulthood type 2 diabetes mellitus · pregnant women with GDM Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: Low‐moderate GI diet vs moderate‐high GI diet (maternal outcomes) Caesarean section · pregnant women with GDM Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.66 [0.29, 1.47] | 1 study · 63 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: Low‐moderate GI diet vs moderate‐high GI diet (maternal outcomes) Induction of labour · pregnant women with GDM Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.33, 2.34] | 1 study · 63 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: Low‐moderate GI diet vs moderate‐high GI diet (maternal outcomes) Perineal trauma · pregnant women with GDM Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: Low‐moderate GI diet vs moderate‐high GI diet (maternal outcomes) Type 2 diabetes mellitus · pregnant women with GDM Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: Low‐moderate GI diet vs moderate‐high GI diet (maternal outcomes) Postnatal depression · pregnant women with GDM Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: Low‐moderate GI diet vs moderate‐high GI diet (maternal outcomes) Postnatal weight retention or return to pre‐pregnancy weight · pregnant women with GDM Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: Low‐moderate GI diet vs moderate‐high GI diet (neonatal/child/adulthood outcomes) Large‐for‐gestational age · pregnant women with GDM Different types of dietary advice for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.22, 2.34] | 2 studies · 89 participants | Low |
Vaginal PGE2 vs intravenous (IV) oxytocin Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours · women with one previous lower segment caesarean section and requiring labour induction due to prolonged pregnancy or… Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Vaginal misoprostol vs intravenous (IV) oxytocin Serious maternal morbidity or death · women with a previous caesarean section Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Foley catheter vs intravenous (IV) oxytocin Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours · pregnant women with a previous low transverse caesarean section, singleton live pregnancy with cephalic presentation,… Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.47 [0.89, 2.44] | 1 study · 53 participants | Low |
Foley catheter vs intravenous (IV) oxytocin Uterine hyperstimulation with fetal heart rate changes · pregnant women with a previous low transverse caesarean section, singleton live pregnancy with cephalic presentation,… Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section (2017) · Cochrane | RR 3.11 [0.13, 73.09] | 1 study · 53 participants | Low |
Foley catheter vs intravenous (IV) oxytocin Caesarean section · pregnant women with a previous low transverse caesarean section, singleton live pregnancy with cephalic presentation,… Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.45, 1.92] | 1 study · 53 participants | Low |
Foley catheter vs intravenous (IV) oxytocin Serious neonatal morbidity or perinatal death · pregnant women with a previous low transverse caesarean section, singleton live pregnancy with cephalic presentation,… Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Foley catheter vs intravenous (IV) oxytocin Serious maternal morbidity or death · pregnant women with a previous low transverse caesarean section, singleton live pregnancy with cephalic presentation,… Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Double‐balloon catheter vs vaginal PGE2 Vaginal delivery not achieved within 24 hours · women with a previous caesarean section (subgroup of all women in the study) with intact fetal membranes, cephalic… Methods of term labour induction for women with a previous caesarean section (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |