Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

4,587 questions · 5,761 findings · 495 reviews

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No studies found 1,011 · 17.5%GRADE not reported 1,797 · 31.2%Very low 1,100 · 19.1%Low 1,052 · 18.3%Moderate 649 · 11.3%High 152 · 2.6%

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Chlorhexidine (mouthrinse or gel), as part of oral hygiene care vs placebo or usual care

All‐cause mortality · Critically ill patients (adults and children) receiving mechanical ventilation in ICU

Chlorhexidine (mouthrinse or gel), as part of oral hygiene care showed no clear difference in mortality compared with placebo or usual care (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator‐associated pneumonia 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes
Follow-up: mean 1 month
RR 1.03 [0.80, 1.33]
9 studies · 944 participants
Moderate

Chlorhexidine (mouthrinse or gel), as part of oral hygiene care vs placebo or usual care

Duration of mechanical ventilation · Critically ill patients (adults and children) receiving mechanical ventilation in ICU

It is very uncertain whether chlorhexidine (mouthrinse or gel), as part of oral hygiene care changes duration of mechanical ventilation compared with placebo or usual care (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator‐associated pneumonia 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes
Follow-up: mean 1 month
MD -1.10 [-3.20, 1.00]
4 studies · 594 participants
Very low

Chlorhexidine (mouthrinse or gel), as part of oral hygiene care vs placebo or usual care

Duration of ICU stay · Critically ill patients (adults and children) receiving mechanical ventilation in ICU

Chlorhexidine (mouthrinse or gel), as part of oral hygiene care showed no clear difference in duration of ICU stay compared with placebo or usual care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator‐associated pneumonia 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes
Follow-up: mean 1 month
MD -0.89 [-3.59, 1.82]
5 studies · 627 participants
Low

Chlorhexidine (mouthrinse or gel), as part of oral hygiene care vs placebo or usual care

Cost / economic data · Critically ill patients (adults and children) receiving mechanical ventilation in ICU

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator‐associated pneumonia 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes
The outcome of cost was not reported by any study in this comparison.
0 studies
No studies found

Chlorhexidine (mouthrinse or gel), as part of oral hygiene care vs placebo or usual care

Duration of systemic antibiotic use · Critically ill patients (adults and children) receiving mechanical ventilation in ICU

Chlorhexidine (mouthrinse or gel), as part of oral hygiene care showed no clear difference in duration of systemic antibiotic use compared with placebo or usual care; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator‐associated pneumonia 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes
MD 0.65 [-0.58, 1.88]
1 study · 146 participants
GRADE not reported

Community and caregiver oral health education plus media campaign vs Pre-intervention BBTD rate

Baby bottle tooth decay prevalence · Alaska Native and American Indian Head Start children

High-intensity community education was associated with a 33% reduction in BBTD prevalence, without a GRADE rating.

2 findings from 1 review

Reducing Alaska Native paediatric oral health disparities: a systematic review of oral health interventions and a case… 2013 All outcomes
3 years · Alaska Native and American Indian Head Start sites · High-intensity training
Percent reduction in BBTD prevalence 33
1 study
GRADE not reported
Reducing Alaska Native paediatric oral health disparities: a systematic review of oral health interventions and a case… 2013 All outcomes
3 years · Alaska Native and American Indian Head Start sites · Medium-intensity training
Percent reduction in BBTD prevalence 18
1 study
GRADE not reported

Visual screening (oral visual inspection) by trained health workers vs No screening

Costs · Apparently healthy adults aged 35 years or older (general population), living in 13 clusters in rural areas of Trivandrum city, Kerala,…

1 finding from 1 review

Screening programmes for the early detection and prevention of oral cancer 2013 · Cochrane All outcomes
9 years (three cycles)
The costs associated with the screening programme were reported after three cycles (nine years) (Subramanian 2009) (Additional Table 8). The benefit produced by a screen was 269.31 life-years saved per 100,000 for all…
1 study
GRADE not reported

Visual screening (oral visual inspection) by trained health workers vs No screening

Harms of screening (false-positive/false-negative outcomes) · Apparently healthy adults aged 35 years or older (general population), living in 13 clusters in rural areas of Trivandrum city, Kerala,…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Screening programmes for the early detection and prevention of oral cancer 2013 · Cochrane All outcomes
15-year follow-up
No harms were reported.
0 studies
No studies found

Visual screening (oral visual inspection) by trained health workers vs No screening

Stage at diagnosis (early-stage detection) · Apparently healthy adults aged 35 years or older (general population), living in 13 clusters in rural areas of Trivandrum city, Kerala,…

Visual screening (oral visual inspection) by trained health workers led to lower stage at diagnosis (early-stage detection) compared with no screening; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Screening programmes for the early detection and prevention of oral cancer 2013 · Cochrane All outcomes
15-year follow-up
RR 0.81 [0.70, 0.93]
1 study · 523 participants
GRADE not reported

Visual screening (oral visual inspection) by trained health workers vs No screening

Quality of life · Apparently healthy adults aged 35 years or older (general population), living in 13 clusters in rural areas of Trivandrum city, Kerala,…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Screening programmes for the early detection and prevention of oral cancer 2013 · Cochrane All outcomes
15-year follow-up
Data on quality of life were not reported.
0 studies
No studies found

Visual screening (oral visual inspection) by trained health workers vs No screening

Test performance (sensitivity and specificity) · Apparently healthy adults aged 35 years or older (general population), living in 13 clusters in rural areas of Trivandrum city, Kerala,…

1 finding from 1 review

Screening programmes for the early detection and prevention of oral cancer 2013 · Cochrane All outcomes
15-year follow-up
Across the four cycles (15 years), the reported sensitivity of the visual examination in detecting oral cancer was 67.4% (188/279). No information on the specificity or the positive predictive value of the programme…
1 study
GRADE not reported

Oral creatine vs placebo

Change in disability score · children with SMA types II and III

1 finding from 1 review

Drug treatment for spinal muscular atrophy types II and III 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 40 participants
Moderate

Oral creatine vs placebo

Muscle strength · children with SMA types II and III

1 finding from 1 review

Drug treatment for spinal muscular atrophy types II and III 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 22 participants
Low

Oral creatine vs placebo

Acquiring the ability to stand or walk · children with SMA types II and III

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Drug treatment for spinal muscular atrophy types II and III 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Oral creatine vs placebo

Change in quality of life · children with SMA types II and III

1 finding from 1 review

Drug treatment for spinal muscular atrophy types II and III 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 38 participants
Low

Oral creatine vs placebo

Change in pulmonary function · children with SMA types II and III

1 finding from 1 review

Drug treatment for spinal muscular atrophy types II and III 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 23 participants
Low

Oral creatine vs placebo

Time from beginning of treatment until death or full‐time ventilation · children with SMA types II and III

1 finding from 1 review

Drug treatment for spinal muscular atrophy types II and III 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 40 participants
Moderate

Oral creatine vs placebo

Adverse events related to treatment · children with SMA types II and III

1 finding from 1 review

Drug treatment for spinal muscular atrophy types II and III 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 40 participants
Low

Oral diazepam vs placebo or no intervention

Behaviour · Children and adolescents (0 to 16 years) needing dental treatment

It is very uncertain whether oral diazepam changes behaviour (Houpt/behavioural score) compared with placebo (including no intervention) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Sedation of children undergoing dental treatment 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes
SMD 0.62 [-0.28, 1.53]
1 study · 20 participants
Very low

Teledentistry diagnosis using DSLR or smartphone extra-oral photographs vs Visual or clinical examination

Inter-examiner reliability · Children and adults with primary or permanent dentition

Inter-examiner kappa statistics ranged from 0.44 to 0.91 across 13 studies; no meta-analysis or GRADE rating was reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Teledentistry accuracy for caries diagnosis: a systematic review of in-vivo studies using extra-oral photography… 2024 All outcomes
Schools, juvenile detention facility, dental clinics, and hospitals · Overall
no estimate extracted
13 studies
GRADE not reported