Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

4,410 questions · 8,901 findings · 1,091 reviews

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No studies found 1,687 · 19%GRADE not reported 1,469 · 16.5%Very low 1,969 · 22.1%Low 2,060 · 23.1%Moderate 1,302 · 14.6%High 414 · 4.7%

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Oxitard (antioxidant) vs Topical aloe vera gel

Difficulty in swallowing (participant-reported proxy) · People of any age with a confirmed diagnosis, by clinical examination and biopsy, of oral submucous fibrosis (OSF)

Oxitard (antioxidant) led to lower difficulty in swallowing (participant-reported proxy) compared with aloe vera gel; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for managing oral submucous fibrosis 2024 · Cochrane All outcomes
3 to 6 months
OR 0.17 [0.07, 0.44]
1 study · 120 participants
GRADE not reported

Part-time clear plastic (removable) retainer vs Any type of fixed (bonded) retainer

Adverse effects on oral health: Gingival Index (lower arch) · People who had received fixed appliance orthodontic treatment

It is very uncertain whether part-time clear plastic (removable) retainer changes adverse effects on oral health: Gingival Index (lower arch) compared with any type of fixed (bonded) retainer (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Retention procedures for stabilising tooth position after treatment with orthodontic braces 2023 · Cochrane All outcomes
12 months · lower arch
MD -0.34 [-0.66, -0.02]
1 study · 59 participants
Very low

Fibre-reinforced composite fixed (bonded) retainer vs Multistrand / spiral wire fixed (bonded) retainer

Patient satisfaction (measured by patient satisfaction or aesthetic scales) · People who had received fixed appliance orthodontic treatment

It is very uncertain whether fibre-reinforced composite fixed (bonded) retainer changes patient satisfaction: aesthetics (VAS 0-10 cm, lower arch) compared with multistrand / spiral wire fixed (bonded) retainer (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Retention procedures for stabilising tooth position after treatment with orthodontic braces 2023 · Cochrane All outcomes
12 months · lower arch
MD 1.49 [0.76, 2.22]
1 study · 32 participants
Very low

CAD/CAM nitinol fixed (bonded) retainer vs Multistrand / spiral wire fixed (bonded) retainer

Patient satisfaction: discomfort/pain (lower arch) · People who had received fixed appliance orthodontic treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Retention procedures for stabilising tooth position after treatment with orthodontic braces 2023 · Cochrane All outcomes
12 months · lower arch
No studies measured or reported this outcome
0 studies
No studies found

Part-time clear plastic (removable) retainer vs Any type of fixed (bonded) retainer

Stability: Little's Irregularity Index (lower arch) · People who had received fixed appliance orthodontic treatment

It is very uncertain whether part-time clear plastic (removable) retainer changes stability: Little's Irregularity Index (lower arch) compared with any type of fixed (bonded) retainer (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Retention procedures for stabilising tooth position after treatment with orthodontic braces 2023 · Cochrane All outcomes
12 months · lower arch
MD 0.92 [0.23, 1.61]
1 study · 56 participants
Very low

CAD/CAM nitinol fixed (bonded) retainer vs Multistrand / spiral wire fixed (bonded) retainer

Survival of retainers (failure, lower arch) · People who had received fixed appliance orthodontic treatment

It is very uncertain whether CAD/CAM nitinol fixed (bonded) retainer changes survival of retainers (failure, lower arch) compared with conventional/analogue multistrand fixed (bonded) retainer (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Retention procedures for stabilising tooth position after treatment with orthodontic braces 2023 · Cochrane All outcomes
12 months · lower arch
RR 1.29 [0.67, 2.49]
1 study · 41 participants
Very low

Full-time clear plastic (removable) retainer vs Any type of fixed (bonded) retainer

Survival of retainers (failure, lower arch) · People who had received fixed appliance orthodontic treatment

It is very uncertain whether full-time clear plastic (removable) retainer changes survival of retainers (failure, lower arch) compared with any type of fixed (bonded) retainer (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Retention procedures for stabilising tooth position after treatment with orthodontic braces 2023 · Cochrane All outcomes
12 months · lower arch
RR 3.42 [1.38, 8.47]
1 study · 77 participants
Very low

Fibre-reinforced composite fixed (bonded) retainer vs Multistrand / spiral wire fixed (bonded) retainer

Survival of retainers (failure, lower arch) · People who had received fixed appliance orthodontic treatment

Fibre-reinforced composite fixed (bonded) retainer showed no clear difference in survival of retainers (failure, lower arch) compared with multistrand / spiral wire fixed (bonded) retainer (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Retention procedures for stabilising tooth position after treatment with orthodontic braces 2023 · Cochrane All outcomes
12 months · lower arch
RR 1.01 [0.84, 1.21]
7 studies · 1337 participants
Low

Part-time clear plastic (removable) retainer vs Any type of fixed (bonded) retainer

Survival of retainers (failure, lower arch) · People who had received fixed appliance orthodontic treatment

It is very uncertain whether part-time clear plastic (removable) retainer changes survival of retainers (failure, lower arch) compared with any type of fixed (bonded) retainer (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Retention procedures for stabilising tooth position after treatment with orthodontic braces 2023 · Cochrane All outcomes
12 months · lower arch
RR 0.44 [0.20, 0.98]
1 study · 57 participants
Very low

Hawley removable retainer vs Clear plastic removable retainer

Stability: Little's Irregularity Index (lower arch) · People who had received fixed appliance orthodontic treatment

It is very uncertain whether hawley removable retainer changes stability: Little's Irregularity Index (lower arch) compared with clear plastic removable retainer (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Retention procedures for stabilising tooth position after treatment with orthodontic braces 2023 · Cochrane All outcomes
12 months · lower arch
MD 0.01 [-0.65, 0.67]
1 study · 30 participants
Very low

Fibre-reinforced composite fixed (bonded) retainer vs Multistrand / spiral wire fixed (bonded) retainer

Adverse effects on oral health: bleeding on probing (lower arch) · People who had received fixed appliance orthodontic treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Retention procedures for stabilising tooth position after treatment with orthodontic braces 2023 · Cochrane All outcomes
12 months · lower arch
No RCTs at 12-month follow-up; 1 RCT at 6 months found no difference (very low-certainty)
0 studies
No studies found

Hawley removable retainer vs Clear plastic removable retainer

Survival of retainers (failure/how many failed) · People who had received fixed appliance orthodontic treatment

It is very uncertain whether hawley removable retainer changes survival of retainers (failure, upper and lower arches) compared with clear plastic removable retainer (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Retention procedures for stabilising tooth position after treatment with orthodontic braces 2023 · Cochrane All outcomes
12 months · upper and lower arches
RR 0.60 [0.43, 0.83]
1 study · 111 participants
Very low

Hawley removable retainer vs Clear plastic removable retainer

Patient satisfaction: comfort (VAS, upper and lower arches) · People who had received fixed appliance orthodontic treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Retention procedures for stabilising tooth position after treatment with orthodontic braces 2023 · Cochrane All outcomes
12 months · upper and lower arches
No RCTs at 12 months; 1 RCT at 6 months: Hawley less comfortable (VAS MD -1.86, 95% CI -2.19 to -1.53; very low-certainty)
0 studies
No studies found

Early childhood caries / severe early childhood caries vs Caries-free controls

Stunting · Children aged ≤6 years (early childhood)

One Nepalese cross-sectional study found caries severity significantly correlated with chronic malnutrition/stunting (HAZ; p<0.0001), especially in rural children; ungraded, no effect size reported.

3 findings from 1 review

The bi-directional relationship between growth stunting and early childhood caries: a rapid review. 2023 All outcomes
Nepal (urban and rural) · Tsang et al. 2019 (Nepal)
The severity of child caries measured by the dmft index correlated with mouth pain and both chronic (stunting) and acute malnutrition (HAZ score) (p<0.0001).
1 study · 836 participants
GRADE not reported
The bi-directional relationship between growth stunting and early childhood caries: a rapid review. 2023 All outcomes
Vietnam (south and central; ages 1-6) · Khanh et al. 2015 (Vietnam; pulp-involved caries)
MD 0.66
1 study · 593 participants
GRADE not reported
The bi-directional relationship between growth stunting and early childhood caries: a rapid review. 2023 All outcomes
1-year follow-up · Cambodia (children <24 months at baseline) · Renggli et al. 2021 (Cambodia)
OR 1.8 [1.0, 3.0]
1 study · 1307 participants
GRADE not reported

CAD/CAM nitinol fixed (bonded) retainer vs Multistrand / spiral wire fixed (bonded) retainer

Adverse effects on oral health: Gingival Index (lower arch) · People who had received fixed appliance orthodontic treatment

CAD/CAM nitinol fixed (bonded) retainer showed no clear difference in adverse effects on oral health: Gingival Index (lower arch) compared with conventional/analogue multistrand fixed (bonded) retainer (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Retention procedures for stabilising tooth position after treatment with orthodontic braces 2023 · Cochrane All outcomes
12 months · lower arch
MD 0.00 [-0.16, 0.16]
2 studies · 107 participants
Low

Labour induction vs expectant management

Low Apgar score · women with term or near term (> 37 weeks' gestation) with suspected fetal macrosomia

Induction of labour showed no clear difference in low Apgar score (5 minutes) compared with expectant management (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Induction of labour at or near term for suspected fetal macrosomia 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.51 [0.25, 9.02]
2 studies · 858 participants
Low

Labour induction vs expectant management

Low arterial cord blood pH (< 7.10) · women with term or near term (> 37 weeks' gestation) with suspected fetal macrosomia

Induction of labour showed no clear difference in low arterial cord blood pH (< 7.10) compared with expectant management (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Induction of labour at or near term for suspected fetal macrosomia 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.01 [0.46, 2.22]
1 study · 818 participants
Moderate

NSAIDs vs combined OCP

Pain score (measured on VAS; 0–100; lower score is better) · women with primary dysmenorrhoea

1 finding from 1 review

Combined oral contraceptive pill for primary dysmenorrhoea 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 91 participants
Low

Doxycycline vs prednisolone

Quality of life (DLQI) adjusted for baseline DLQI, disease severity, age, Karnovsky score, baseline versus week 52. A lower score is more favourable. · bullous pemphigoid

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for bullous pemphigoid 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 234 participants
High

14 days inhaled AZLI plus 14 days placebo vs 28 days inhaled AZLI

Eradication of P aeruginosa from the respiratory tract: proportion of participants with a negative culture for PA during the 28 days following treatment · children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotic strategies for eradicating Pseudomonas aeruginosa in people with cystic fibrosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 139 participants
Very low