Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

3,584 questions · 3,695 findings · 567 reviews

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No studies found 784 · 21.2%GRADE not reported 308 · 8.3%Very low 1,036 · 28%Low 971 · 26.3%Moderate 440 · 11.9%High 156 · 4.2%

TENS vs sham TENS

Adverse effects · children aged 3 to 18 years with daytime urinary incontinence

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Conservative interventions for treating functional daytime urinary incontinence in children 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

TENS vs sham

Reduction in pain intensity · chronic back pain in MS

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 90 participants
Very low

TENS vs sham

Reduction in disability · chronic back pain in MS

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 90 participants
Very low

TENS vs sham

Quality of life · chronic back pain in MS

1 finding from 1 review

Non‐pharmacological interventions for chronic pain in multiple sclerosis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 90 participants
Very low

Rubber/elastomeric cleaning stick plus toothbrushing vs Toothbrushing alone

Gingivitis · Adults, 16 years and older (dentate)

It is very uncertain whether rubber/elastomeric cleaning stick plus toothbrushing changes gingivitis (proportion of bleeding sites) compared with toothbrushing alone (very low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling periodontal… 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
1 month
MD -0.07 [-0.15, 0.01]
1 study · 30 participants
Very low
Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling periodontal… 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
1 month
MD -0.01 [-0.19, 0.21]
1 study · 12 participants
Very low

Rubber/elastomeric cleaning stick plus toothbrushing vs Flossing plus toothbrushing

Plaque · Adults, 16 years and older (dentate)

It is very uncertain whether rubber/elastomeric cleaning stick plus toothbrushing changes plaque compared with flossing plus toothbrushing (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling periodontal… 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
4 to 6 weeks
SMD -0.08 [-0.46, 0.29]
6 studies · 273 participants
Very low

Rubber/elastomeric cleaning stick plus toothbrushing vs Flossing plus toothbrushing

Gingivitis · Adults, 16 years and older (dentate)

It is very uncertain whether rubber/elastomeric cleaning stick plus toothbrushing changes gingivitis (gingival index) compared with flossing plus toothbrushing (very low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling periodontal… 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
4 to 6 weeks
SMD -0.22 [-0.69, 0.24]
6 studies · 256 participants
Very low
Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling periodontal… 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
1 month
MD -0.03 [-0.08, 0.03]
5 studies · 212 participants
Low

Triclosan/copolymer-containing fluoride toothpaste vs Sodium fluoride (control) toothpaste

Patient-reported OLT score · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
mean 1 week
Patient-reported OLT score: listed in the Summary of findings table but no data reported. No data were reported for patient-reported OLT score.
0 studies
No studies found

Triclosan/copolymer-containing fluoride toothpaste vs Sodium fluoride (control) toothpaste

Dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) score (scale 0 to 5) · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

It is very uncertain whether 0.3% triclosan + PVM/MA + sodium fluoride toothpaste changes dentist-reported breath odour (OLT) score (scale 1 to 9 hedonic) compared with sodium fluoride (control) toothpaste (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
mean 1 week
MD -3.48 [-3.77, -3.19]
1 study · 81 participants
Very low

Rubber/elastomeric cleaning stick plus toothbrushing vs Interdental brushing plus toothbrushing

Plaque · Adults, 16 years and older (dentate)

It is very uncertain whether rubber/elastomeric cleaning stick plus toothbrushing changes plaque compared with interdental brushing plus toothbrushing (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling periodontal… 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
4 to 6 weeks
SMD 0.08 [-0.33, 0.49]
2 studies · 92 participants
Very low

Rubber/elastomeric cleaning stick plus toothbrushing vs Flossing plus toothbrushing

Side effects · Adults, 16 years and older (dentate)

1 finding from 1 review

Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling periodontal… 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
Five studies assessed adverse events. One did not report findings, but the others reported either no adverse events or minor adverse events that did not significantly differ between interventions.
5 studies
GRADE not reported

Rubber/elastomeric cleaning stick plus toothbrushing vs Flossing plus toothbrushing

Periodontitis (probing pocket depth) · Adults, 16 years and older (dentate)

1 finding from 1 review

Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling periodontal… 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
One study measured periodontitis but the data were not usable (Smith 1988 measured PPD but data unusable).
1 study
GRADE not reported

Rubber/elastomeric cleaning stick plus toothbrushing vs Interdental brushing plus toothbrushing

Gingivitis · Adults, 16 years and older (dentate)

It is very uncertain whether rubber/elastomeric cleaning stick plus toothbrushing changes gingivitis (proportion of bleeding sites) compared with interdental brushing plus toothbrushing (very low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling periodontal… 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
1 month
MD -0.02 [-0.10, 0.06]
1 study · 31 participants
Very low
Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling periodontal… 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
4 to 6 weeks
MD 0.10 [-0.32, 0.52]
1 study · 61 participants
Very low

Rubber/elastomeric cleaning stick plus toothbrushing vs Flossing plus toothbrushing

Interproximal caries · Adults, 16 years and older (dentate)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling periodontal… 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
No included study assessed caries as an outcome.
0 studies
No studies found

Rubber/elastomeric cleaning stick plus toothbrushing vs Toothbrushing alone

Side effects · Adults, 16 years and older (dentate)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling periodontal… 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
Harms and adverse outcomes: Not reported (neither study reported on adverse effects).
0 studies
No studies found

Rubber/elastomeric cleaning stick plus toothbrushing vs Toothbrushing alone

Periodontitis (probing pocket depth) · Adults, 16 years and older (dentate)

1 finding from 1 review

Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling periodontal… 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
One study measured probing pocket depth but no data were reported (Graziani 2017 mentioned PPD as outcome but no data).
1 study
GRADE not reported

Triclosan/copolymer-containing fluoride toothpaste vs Non-fluoride (0 ppm F) placebo toothpaste

Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), gas chromatography · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
Niles 1999 (cross-over trial) compared 0.3% triclosan + 2.0% PVM/MA + 0.243% NaF toothpaste versus placebo toothpaste; VSC by gas chromatograph. We could not use the results in the meta-analysis as there was no…
1 study
GRADE not reported

Rubber/elastomeric cleaning stick plus toothbrushing vs Toothbrushing alone

Plaque · Adults, 16 years and older (dentate)

It is very uncertain whether rubber/elastomeric cleaning stick plus toothbrushing changes plaque compared with toothbrushing alone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling periodontal… 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
1 month
MD -0.22 [-0.41, -0.03]
1 study · 30 participants
Very low

Rubber/elastomeric cleaning stick plus toothbrushing vs Interdental brushing plus toothbrushing

Interproximal caries · Adults, 16 years and older (dentate)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling periodontal… 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
No included study assessed caries as an outcome.
0 studies
No studies found

Rubber/elastomeric cleaning stick plus toothbrushing vs Interdental brushing plus toothbrushing

Side effects · Adults, 16 years and older (dentate)

1 finding from 1 review

Home use of interdental cleaning devices, in addition to toothbrushing, for preventing and controlling periodontal… 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
Harms and adverse outcomes (SoF): Not reported. Yost 2006 performed examinations of the oral soft tissue at the final visit but did not report the findings; Graziani 2017 and Smith 1988 did not measure adverse effects.
1 study
GRADE not reported