Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

2,973 questions · 3,072 findings · 410 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 559 · 18.2%GRADE not reported 143 · 4.7%Very low 654 · 21.3%Low 833 · 27.1%Moderate 683 · 22.2%High 200 · 6.5%

Inhaled corticosteroids vs placebo

Pneumonia · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Summary of findings table ‐ ICS may leads to higher pneumonia compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled corticosteroids versus placebo for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.38 [1.02, 1.88]
9 studies · 14831 participants
Low

Inhaled corticosteroids vs placebo

Oropharyngeal candidiasis · patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Summary of findings table ‐ ICS probably leads to higher oropharyngeal candidiasis compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled corticosteroids versus placebo for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 2.66 [1.91, 3.68]
7 studies · 5547 participants
Moderate

Individual tailored vs continuous tapered dexamethasone regimen

Death or cerebral palsy at 1 to 3 years · preterm infants at risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Individual tailored showed no clear difference in death or cerebral palsy at 1 to 3 years compared with continuous tapered dexamethasone regimen (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic corticosteroid regimens for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 7.24 [0.95, 55.26]
1 study · 59 participants
Moderate

Individual tailored vs continuous tapered dexamethasone regimen

Death or abnormal neurodevelopmental outcome (various definitions) · preterm infants at risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Individual tailored showed no clear difference in death or abnormal neurodevelopmental outcome (various definitions) compared with continuous tapered dexamethasone regimen (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic corticosteroid regimens for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.44 [0.99, 2.07]
3 studies · 168 participants
Low

Lower vs higher cumulative dose dexamethasone regimen

Death or cerebral palsy at 1 to 3 years · preterm infants at risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Lower showed no clear difference in death or cerebral palsy at 1 to 3 years compared with higher cumulative dose dexamethasone regimen (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic corticosteroid regimens for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.74 [0.94, 3.24]
4 studies · 193 participants
Low

Lower vs higher cumulative dose dexamethasone regimen

Death or abnormal neurodevelopmental outcome (various definitions) · preterm infants at risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia

It is very uncertain whether lower changes death or abnormal neurodevelopmental outcome (various definitions)… compared with higher cumulative dose dexamethasone regimen (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic corticosteroid regimens for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.86 [0.98, 3.53]
3 studies · 100 participants
Very low

Later vs earlier initiation of dexamethasone therapy

Death or cerebral palsy at 1 to 3 years · preterm infants at risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Later showed no clear difference in death or cerebral palsy at 1 to 3 years compared with earlier initiation of dexamethasone therapy (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic corticosteroid regimens for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.12 [0.68, 1.84]
1 study · 86 participants
Low

Later vs earlier initiation of dexamethasone therapy

Death or abnormal neurodevelopmental outcome (various definitions) · preterm infants at risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia

Later showed no clear difference in death or abnormal neurodevelopmental outcome (various definitions) compared with earlier initiation of dexamethasone therapy (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic corticosteroid regimens for prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.87 [0.63, 1.21]
2 studies · 167 participants
Low

Oral direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) vs conventional anticoagulation

Recurrent PE · patients with a pulmonary embolism, confirmed by standard imaging techniques

Oral direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) showed no clear difference in recurrent PEa compared with conventional anticoagulation (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral direct thrombin inhibitors or oral factor Xa inhibitors versus conventional anticoagulants for the treatment of… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.02 [0.5, 2.04]
1 study · 1602 participants
Moderate

Oral factor Xa inhibitors vs conventional anticoagulation

All‐cause mortality · patients with a pulmonary embolism, confirmed by standard imaging techniques

Oral factor Xa inhibitors showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with conventional anticoagulation (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral direct thrombin inhibitors or oral factor Xa inhibitors versus conventional anticoagulants for the treatment of… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.16 [0.79, 1.7]
1 study · 4817 participants
Moderate

Oral factor Xa inhibitors vs conventional anticoagulation

Major bleedinge · patients with a pulmonary embolism, confirmed by standard imaging techniques

Oral factor Xa inhibitors showed no clear difference in major bleedinge compared with conventional anticoagulation (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral direct thrombin inhibitors or oral factor Xa inhibitors versus conventional anticoagulants for the treatment of… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.71 [0.36, 1.41]
8 studies · 11447 participants
Low

Oral factor Xa inhibitors vs conventional anticoagulation

Health‐related quality of life · patients with a pulmonary embolism, confirmed by standard imaging techniques

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Oral direct thrombin inhibitors or oral factor Xa inhibitors versus conventional anticoagulants for the treatment of… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Oral direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) vs conventional anticoagulation

Recurrent VTEc · patients with a pulmonary embolism, confirmed by standard imaging techniques

Oral direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) showed no clear difference in recurrent VTEc compared with conventional anticoagulation (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral direct thrombin inhibitors or oral factor Xa inhibitors versus conventional anticoagulants for the treatment of… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.93 [0.52, 1.66]
1 study · 1602 participants
Moderate

Oral direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) vs conventional anticoagulation

DVTd · patients with a pulmonary embolism, confirmed by standard imaging techniques

Oral direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) showed no clear difference in DVTd compared with conventional anticoagulation (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral direct thrombin inhibitors or oral factor Xa inhibitors versus conventional anticoagulants for the treatment of… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.79 [0.29, 2.13]
1 study · 1602 participants
Moderate

Oral direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) vs conventional anticoagulation

All‐cause mortality · patients with a pulmonary embolism, confirmed by standard imaging techniques

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Oral direct thrombin inhibitors or oral factor Xa inhibitors versus conventional anticoagulants for the treatment of… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Oral direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) vs conventional anticoagulation

Major bleedinge · patients with a pulmonary embolism, confirmed by standard imaging techniques

Oral direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) showed no clear difference in major bleedinge compared with conventional anticoagulation (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral direct thrombin inhibitors or oral factor Xa inhibitors versus conventional anticoagulants for the treatment of… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.5 [0.15, 1.68]
1 study · 1527 participants
Moderate

Oral direct thrombin inhibitors (DTIs) vs conventional anticoagulation

Health‐related quality of life · patients with a pulmonary embolism, confirmed by standard imaging techniques

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Oral direct thrombin inhibitors or oral factor Xa inhibitors versus conventional anticoagulants for the treatment of… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Oral factor Xa inhibitors vs conventional anticoagulation

Recurrent PE · patients with a pulmonary embolism, confirmed by standard imaging techniques

Oral factor Xa inhibitors showed no clear difference in recurrent PEa compared with conventional anticoagulation (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral direct thrombin inhibitors or oral factor Xa inhibitors versus conventional anticoagulants for the treatment of… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.92 [0.66, 1.29]
3 studies · 8186 participants
Moderate

Oral factor Xa inhibitors vs conventional anticoagulation

Recurrent VTEc · patients with a pulmonary embolism, confirmed by standard imaging techniques

Oral factor Xa inhibitors showed no clear difference in recurrent VTEc compared with conventional anticoagulation (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral direct thrombin inhibitors or oral factor Xa inhibitors versus conventional anticoagulants for the treatment of… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.83 [0.66, 1.03]
8 studies · 11416 participants
Moderate

Oral factor Xa inhibitors vs conventional anticoagulation

DVTd · patients with a pulmonary embolism, confirmed by standard imaging techniques

Oral factor Xa inhibitors showed no clear difference in DVTd compared with conventional anticoagulation (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral direct thrombin inhibitors or oral factor Xa inhibitors versus conventional anticoagulants for the treatment of… 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.77 [0.48, 1.25]
2 studies · 8151 participants
Moderate