Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

3,092 questions · 3,199 findings · 339 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 714 · 22.3%GRADE not reported 181 · 5.7%Very low 695 · 21.7%Low 908 · 28.4%Moderate 568 · 17.8%High 133 · 4.2%

Oral valproic acid vs placebo

Change in disability score · ambulatory adults with SMA type III

1 finding from 1 review

Drug treatment for spinal muscular atrophy types II and III 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
31 participants
Low

Oral valproic acid vs placebo

Muscle strength · ambulatory adults with SMA type III

1 finding from 1 review

Drug treatment for spinal muscular atrophy types II and III 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
30 participants
Low

Oral valproic acid vs placebo

Acquiring the ability to stand or walk · ambulatory adults with SMA type III

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Drug treatment for spinal muscular atrophy types II and III 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Oral valproic acid vs placebo

Change in quality of life · ambulatory adults with SMA type III

1 finding from 1 review

Drug treatment for spinal muscular atrophy types II and III 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
28 participants
Moderate

Oral valproic acid vs placebo

Change in pulmonary function · ambulatory adults with SMA type III

1 finding from 1 review

Drug treatment for spinal muscular atrophy types II and III 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
24 participants
Low

Oral valproic acid vs placebo

Time from beginning of treatment until death or full‐time ventilation · ambulatory adults with SMA type III

1 finding from 1 review

Drug treatment for spinal muscular atrophy types II and III 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
33 participants
Low

Oral valproic acid vs placebo

Adverse events related to treatment · ambulatory adults with SMA type III

Oral valproic acid showed no clear difference in adverse events related to treatment compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Drug treatment for spinal muscular atrophy types II and III 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.8 [0.44, 1.44]
33 participants
Low

Oral hydromorphone vs placebo

Substantial benefit: At least 50% reduction in pain, or PGIC much improved · adults with chronic neuropathic pain

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Hydromorphone for neuropathic pain in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Oral hydromorphone vs placebo

Moderate benefit: At least 30% reduction in pain, or PGIC much or very much improved · adults with chronic neuropathic pain

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Hydromorphone for neuropathic pain in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Oral hydromorphone vs placebo

Lack of efficacy withdrawal in randomised double‐blind phase · adults with chronic neuropathic pain

1 finding from 1 review

Hydromorphone for neuropathic pain in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 94 participants
Very low

Oral hydromorphone vs placebo

Adverse event withdrawal in randomised double‐blind phase · adults with chronic neuropathic pain

1 finding from 1 review

Hydromorphone for neuropathic pain in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 94 participants
Very low

Oral hydromorphone vs placebo

Serious adverse events · adults with chronic neuropathic pain

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Hydromorphone for neuropathic pain in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Oral hydromorphone vs placebo

Deaths · adults with chronic neuropathic pain

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Hydromorphone for neuropathic pain in adults 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Dexamethasone: oral vs intramuscular – fetal/neonatal outcomes

Any known death after randomisation (fetal, neonatal, child, child as adult) · women at risk of preterm birth

It is very uncertain whether dexamethasone: oral changes any known death after randomisation (fetal, neonatal, child, child… compared with intramuscular – fetal/neonatal outcomes (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm birth 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.48 [0.45, 4.9]
1 study · 183 participants
Very low

Dexamethasone: oral vs intramuscular – fetal/neonatal outcomes

Respiratory distress syndrome · women at risk of preterm birth

It is very uncertain whether dexamethasone: oral changes respiratory distress syndrome compared with intramuscular – fetal/neonatal outcomes (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm birth 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.15 [0.75, 1.77]
1 study · 183 participants
Very low

Dexamethasone: oral vs intramuscular – fetal/neonatal outcomes

Intraventricular haemorrhage · women at risk of preterm birth

It is very uncertain whether dexamethasone: oral changes intraventricular haemorrhage compared with intramuscular – fetal/neonatal outcomes (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm birth 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 4.24 [0.96, 18.83]
1 study · 183 participants
Very low

Dexamethasone: oral vs intramuscular – fetal/neonatal outcomes

Necrotising enterocolitis · women at risk of preterm birth

It is very uncertain whether dexamethasone: oral changes necrotising enterocolitis compared with intramuscular – fetal/neonatal outcomes (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm birth 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 5.09 [0.63, 41.45]
1 study · 183 participants
Very low

Dexamethasone: oral vs intramuscular – fetal/neonatal outcomes

Chronic lung disease · women at risk of preterm birth

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm birth 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Oral drug treatment vs topical treatments

Primary outcome 1: Number of clinical recurrences per participant per year · non‐pregnant women with a diagnosis of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis

1 finding from 1 review

Treatment for recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (thrush) 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Oral drug treatment vs topical treatments

Primary outcome 2: Clinical recurrence at 6 months · non‐pregnant women with a diagnosis of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis

It is very uncertain whether oral drug treatment changes primary outcome 2: Clinical recurrence at 6 months compared with topical drug treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Treatment for recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (thrush) 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.66 [0.83, 3.31]
3 studies · 206 participants
Very low