Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

2,908 questions · 3,101 findings · 509 reviews

No studies found 571 · 18.4%GRADE not reported 358 · 11.5%Very low 723 · 23.3%Low 854 · 27.5%Moderate 489 · 15.8%High 106 · 3.4%

Kefir ( Lactobacillus bacteria) vs no intervention

Pain intensity (measure on a 0‐3 four‐point scale) · people with inflammatory bowel disease
2 findings from 1 review

Active stimulation vs Placebo (sham/placebo device)

Pain intensity VAS (0 to 100; 0 = no pain, 100 = worst pain) · adults with chronic pain
3 findings from 1 review

Active stimulation + other intervention vs other intervention alone

Pain intensity VAS (0 to 100; 0 = no pain, 100 = worst pain) · adults with chronic pain
3 findings from 1 review

Active stimulation + other intervention vs other intervention alone

Participant‐reported pain relief of 50% or greater · adults with chronic pain

It is very uncertain whether active stimulation + other intervention changes pain intensity. Proportion with ≥ 50% pain relief. compared with other intervention alone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Active stimulation + other intervention vs other intervention alone

Pain intensity (number of people with ≥ 50% improvement) · adults with chronic pain

Active stimulation + other intervention may leads to higher pain intensity. Proportion with ≥50% pain relief. compared with other intervention alone (low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review